Anemia during pregnancy and the postpartum period is a global public health issue，significantly associated with adverse obstetric outcomes，and iron deficiency （ID） is its primary cause. Currently，novel high-dose intravenous iron formulations，which allow single-dose infusion of ≥1000 mg within 15-30 minutes，have been approved for clinical use in China. However，obstetricians and gynecologists lack sufficient understanding of their efficacy and safety in pregnant and postpartum women. This article discusses the application of high-dose intravenous iron in pregnant and postpartum women.
Objective To investigate the current state of clinical diagnosis and treatment for cervical cancer in China，focusing on systemic therapeutic practices. By surveying clinicians on biomarker testing applications，treatment regimen considerations and preferences，this study is aimed to identify unmet clinical needs and provide a reference for standardization of diagnosis and treatment. Methods A nationwide sampling survey combining online questionnaires and in-depth interviews was conducted from August to September 2025，involving 300 clinicians （30 experts participated in interviews，270 completed questionnaires）. The survey primarily covered the admission of cervical cancer patients，patient stage and pathology types，biomarker testing，treatment strategies for locally advanced，recurrent，or metastatic cervical cancer （including first-，second- or later-line settings）. It also covered clinicians’ insights regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors （ICI） and antibody-drug conjugates （ADC）. Results A total of 270 valid questionnaires and 30 valid expert interviews were obtained. At diagnosis，early-stage （ⅠA1-ⅠB2，ⅡA1），locally advanced （ⅠB3，ⅡA2-ⅣA），and recurrent/metastatic （ⅣB） cervical cancer （r/m CC） accounted for 32.2%，35.8%，and 31.9%，respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma was predominant （74.9%）. Among the patients，75.0% were recommended for programmed death-ligand 1 （PD-L1） and other biomarker testing，with an actual testing rate of 53.7%. For locally advanced cervical cancer，concurrent chemoradiotherapy （CCRT） with or without ICIs was the first choice. For r/m CC，first-line treatment was mainly ICI combined with chemotherapy±anti-angiogenic agents （71%）. For second- or later-line treatment，combination regimens predominated （approximately 75%）. Among patients not previously treated with ICIs，chemotherapy combined with ICIs was the first choice，with chemotherapy combined with ICIs and chemotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic agents accounting for 37% and 34% of cases，respectively. For patients with prior ICI exposure，chemotherapy combined with ICIs and chemotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic agents were the first choices at 30% and 23%，respectively；regimens containing ADCs accounted for approximately 30%. Conclusions This study reveals the current status of cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment in China，highlighting gaps in biomarker testing recommendations and clinical application. It identifies core considerations and treatment options for locally advanced and r/m CC in first-line，providing data support for advancing standardized clinical practice.
The article systematically reviews the safety evidence and clinical application standards of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs during pregnancy by retrieving and analyzing domestic and international guidelines，consensus，and clinical studies from the past decade. It focuses on maternal and fetal safety，differences in guideline recommendations，medication strategies for special cases，and management pathways. Key findings include：（1）Aspirin is the recommended antiplatelet drug for preeclampsia prevention，with no significant maternal or fetal risks. Low-molecular-weight heparin （LMWH） has become the first choice for anticoagulation during pregnancy due to its inability to cross the placenta and high safety. Unfractionated heparin （UFH） is mostly used for transition before delivery，while warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants （DOACs） are restricted due to fetal risks. （2）There are detailed differences among different guidelines regarding the initiation time of aspirin and the dosage of LMWH.（3） Special cases such as mechanical heart valves and hereditary thrombophilia，a multidisciplinary collaboration is required to develop individualized plans； additionally，a management pathway of "individualized risk assessment-drug monitoring-multidisciplinary collaboration" is proposed. The selection of antithrombotic drugs during pregnancy should take "maternal and fetal safety" as the core，and prioritize the use of aspirin and LMWH. In the future，more high-quality studies are needed to clarify the safety of DOACs and the individualized medication strategies for such drugs.
The cesarean section rate remains persistently high worldwide. As one of the long-term complications of cesarean section， cesarean scar defect has attracted increasing clinical attention. It can cause abnormal uterine bleeding， secondary infertility， chronic pelvic pain， and an increased risk of uterine rupture in subsequent pregnancies， endangering patients' physical and mental health as well as reproductive safety. Currently， there is no unified treatment protocol for CSD. Pharmacological therapy often yields suboptimal outcomes， and surgical intervention is the main clinical treatment option. This study examines the individualized strategy selection， key surgical techniques， and refined operational points for the surgical repair of CSD， and explores multi-dimensional efficacy evaluation indicators encompassing symptom improvement， anatomical structure repair， and fertility restoration. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for clinical practice.
Subchorionic hematoma （SCH） is a common cause of threatened miscarriage in the first trimester，and SCH is associated with an increased incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes，requiring enhanced surveillance during pregnancy. The occurrence of SCH may be related to abnormal coagulation function，autoimmune factors in pregnant women，assisted reproductive technology，medication during pregnancy，oxidative stress，and genital tract infection，and the exact cause of SCH needs to be studied in depth. Patients with small subchorionic hematoma （SCH） without signs of threatened miscarriage are often managed with dynamic observation. For SCH patients with threatened miscarriage，treatment such as inhibition of uterine contractions，anticoagulation or hemostasis，immunotherapy，antioxidation and infection prevention is carried out according to the cause to relieve symptoms and promote hematoma resorption.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor （G-CSF） is an important hematopoietic cytokine that has recently gained attention for its potential role in reproductive medicine. Basic researches show that G-CSF contributes to oocyte maturation and early embryo development，while affecting reproductive outcomes by improving endometrial receptivity，and modulating the maternal-fetal immune microenvironment. Clinically，G-CSF has been evaluated as an adjuvant therapy for thin endometrium，recurrent implantation failure （RIF），and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion （URSA）. Current studies suggest that G-CSF may increase endometrial thickness in some patients with thin endometrium，improve implantation rate in RIF population，and reduce miscarriage risk in URSA patients through immunoregulatory effects. However，related studies have differences in patient selection，administration route，dosage，and timing， leading to inconsistent results. Moreover，data on long-term maternal and neonatal safety remain limited，and its clinical application is still debated. In the future， large，multicenter randomized controlled trials are needed to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety and explore optimal treatment protocols in order to provide evidence for individualized and evidence-based treatment.
Recurrent spontaneous abortion （RSA） is a common pregnancy complication in obstetrics and gynecology，with approximately 40%~50% of cases classified as unexplained RSA （URSA）. Due to the unclear etiology and pathogenesis of URSA，there is currently a lack of widely accepted diagnostic criteria and particularly effective treatment methods in clinical practice. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to thoroughly investigating the causes of URSA and elucidating its pathogenesis，which will enable the development of targeted and effective treatment strategies.
Ovarian endometriosis（Endometrioma）is a common condition among women of reproductive age and is closely associated with infertility. It impairs female fertility through multiple mechanisms. This article aims to explore individualized management strategies for fertility preservation in patients with ovarian endometriosis，highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention. It also elaborates on drug treatment options，surgical timing and techniques，long-term postoperative management，and the application of fertility preservation technologies for patients with fertility desires，promoting fertility preservation in patients with endometrioma.
Thrombophilia，also known as prethrombotic state，refers to the imbalance of the body's coagulation-anticoagulation-fibrinolytic system under genetic or acquired factors，showing hypercoagulability and thrombotic tendency. Thrombophilia is one of the important causes of recurrent spontaneous abortion （RSA）. However，there is still a lot of controversy about the timing and content of thrombophilia screening in RSA patients，as well as the treatment plan for RSA combined with thrombophilia. This article aims to summarize the current status of the diagnosis and treatment of RSA with thrombophilia from the aspects of classification of thrombophilia，the timing and method of screening for thrombophilia in RSA patients，and the clinical treatment methods for RSA with thrombophilia，in order to provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of RSA with thrombophilia.
TORCH infection is one of the causes of birth defects，and there is currently a lack of effective treatment options. Strengthening preconception and prenatal TORCH infection surveillance and making accurate diagnosis are crucial. Serological screening markers for TORCH infection include specific IgM，IgG，and IgG antibody affinity，which are used for infection screening and immune status assessment. Preconception TORCH serological screening is recommended. Routine TORCH serological screening is not recommended for low-risk pregnant women during pregnancy，but TORCH testing is advised when indicated. Clinical signs of suspected maternal infection and certain abnormal ultrasound findings provide clues for detecting intrauterine infection and guide the decision on invasive prenatal diagnosis. Clear intrauterine fetal infection and the presence of structural abnormalities are critical for assessing fetal prognosis. The ultrasound findings of fetal TORCH infection lack specificity and can involve multiple organs，with varying degrees of fetal involvement after maternal viral infection. Fetal blood analysis has additional value in identifying the risk of fetal infection and assessing fetal prognosis.
