Several risk scores (RSs) have been used to stratify risk of cardiac complications (CCs) in pregnant patients with heart disease. We aimed to compare and contrast the accuracy of several RSs for predicting CC in this population.Prospective inclusion of all consecutive pregnant patients with heart disease, and follow-up until 6 months postpartum. CCs were defined as primary if admission was required due to heart failure, arrhythmia or thromboembolic events, and secondary if the decline in NYHA class compared with baseline was >2 or urgent invasive cardiac procedures were needed. The discriminatory power of each RS was assessed by the area-under-the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC).179 patients, mean age: 32 years, accounted for 13.4% of CC (primary 11.7%, secondary 1.7%); the main diagnosis was congenital heart disease (CHD) in 68% followed by valvulopathies in 16%, arrhythmia in 7% and myocardiopathies in 5%. 22% (n=40) were classified as mWHO=1, 59% (n=105) mWHO=2 including subgroup 2-3, 14% (n=26) mWHO=3 and 4%(n=7) mWHO=4; 1 patient was unclassifiable. mWHO showed a better AUC (0.763) than CARPREG (0.67). For the CHD population, ZAHARA RS showed an AUC of 0.74, and Khairy an AUC of 0.632.mWHO was better at predicting CC than CARPREG; mWHO was also better at predicting CC than the specific CHD RS in the CHD subgroup.There are an increasing number of pregnant women with HD.Improved prediction of CC risk during pregnancy can provide better preconception assessment in women with HD.Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

To assess the safety and efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) for thromboprophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy, a systematic review of studies to the end of 2003 was undertaken. Data on VTE recurrence and side effects were extracted and cumulative incidences of VTE and adverse effects calculated. Of 81 reports identified, 64 reporting 2777 pregnancies were included. In 15 studies (174 patients) the indication for LMWH was treatment of acute VTE, and in 61 studies (2603 pregnancies) it was thromboprophylaxis or adverse pregnancy outcome. There were no maternal deaths. VTE and arterial thrombosis (associated with anti-phospholipid syndrome) were reported in 0.86% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55%-1.28%) and 0.50% (95% CI, 0.28%-0.84%) of pregnancies, respectively. Significant bleeding, generally associated with primary obstetric causes, occurred in 1.98% (95% CI, 1.50%-2.57%), allergic skin reactions in 1.80% (95% CI, 1.34%-2.37%), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in 0%, thrombocytopenia (unrelated to LMWH) in 0.11% (95% CI, 0.02%-0.32%), and osteoporotic fracture in 0.04% (95% CI, < 0.01%-0.20%) of pregnancies. Overall, live births were reported in 94.7% of pregnancies, including 85.4% in those receiving LMWH for recurrent pregnancy loss. LMWH is both safe and effective to prevent or treat VTE in pregnancy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Its variable phenotype suggests the existence of modifier genes. Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF) 2C could be important in this process given its role as transcriptional regulator of several cardiac genes. Any variant affecting MEF2C expression and/or function may impact on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy clinical manifestations. In this candidate gene approach, we screened 209 Caucasian hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients and 313 healthy controls for genetic variants in MEF2C gene by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Functional analyses were performed with transient transfections of luciferase reporter constructions. Three new variants in non-coding exon 1 were found both in patients and controls with similar frequencies. One-way ANOVA analyses showed a greater left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (p = 0.011) in patients with 10C+10C genotype of the c.-450C(8_10) variant. Moreover, one patient was heterozygous for two rare variants simultaneously. This patient presented thicker left ventricular wall than her relatives carrying the same sarcomeric mutation. In vitro assays additionally showed a slightly increased transcriptional activity for both rare MEF2C alleles. In conclusion, our data suggest that 15 bp-deletion and C-insertion in the 5'UTR region of MEF2C could affect hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, potentially by affecting expression of MEF2C and therefore, the expression of their target cardiac proteins that are implicated in the hypertrophic process.

The maternal and neonatal risks associated with pregnancy in women with heart disease receiving comprehensive prenatal care have not been well defined.We prospectively enrolled 562 consecutive pregnant women with heart disease and determined the outcomes of 599 pregnancies not ending in miscarriage. Pulmonary edema, arrhythmia, stroke, or cardiac death complicated 13% of pregnancies. Prior cardiac events or arrhythmia, poor functional class or cyanosis, left heart obstruction, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction independently predicted maternal cardiac complications; the cardiac event rate can be predicted using a risk index incorporating these predictors. Neonatal complications (20% of pregnancies) were associated with poor functional class or cyanosis, left heart obstruction, anticoagulation, smoking, and multiple gestations.Pregnancy in women with heart disease is associated with significant cardiac and neonatal complications, despite state-of-the-art obstetric and cardiac care. Maternal cardiac risk can be predicted with the use of a risk index.

Data regarding pregnancy outcome in women with congenital heart disease (CHD) are limited.In 1802 women with CHD, 1302 completed pregnancies were observed. Independent predictors of cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal complications were calculated using logistic regression. The most prevalent cardiac complications during pregnancy were arrhythmias (4.7%) and heart failure (1.6%). Factors independently associated with maternal cardiac complications were the presence of cyanotic heart disease (corrected/uncorrected) (P < 0.0001), the use of cardiac medication before pregnancy (P < 0.0001), and left heart obstruction (P < 0.0001). New characteristics were mechanical valve replacement (P = 0.0014), and systemic (P = 0.04) or pulmonary atrioventricular valve regurgitation related with the underlying (moderately) complex CHD (P = 0.03). A new risk score for cardiac complications is proposed. The most prevalent obstetric complications were hypertensive complications (12.2%). No correlation of maternal characteristics with adverse obstetric outcome was found. The most prevalent neonatal complications were premature birth (12%), small for gestational age (14%), and mortality (4%). Cyanotic heart disease (corrected/uncorrected) (P = 0.0003), mechanical valve replacement (P = 0.03), maternal smoking (P = 0.007), multiple gestation (P = 0.0014), and the use of cardiac medication (P = 0.0009) correlated with adverse neonatal outcome.In our tertiary CHD cohort, cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal complications were frequently encountered, and (new) correlations of maternal baseline data with adverse outcome are reported. A new risk score for adverse cardiac complications is proposed, although prospective validation remains necessary.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the USA. All cardiovascular care providers should have a foundational knowledge on the management of pregnant individuals with heart disease. This focused review touches on several key cardio-obstetric themes.Many individuals with cardiovascular disease can safely undergo pregnancy, but should have counseling preconception to optimize cardiac status. There are several cardiovascular conditions that are high risk for maternal mortality and morbidity. These individuals should be adequately counseled preconception and offered reliable birth control. The approach to a high-risk pregnant patient with cardiac disease is best managed by a multidisciplinary team to address potential maternal and fetal complications. Identification of at risk individuals can be estimated preconception with several risk scores. The development of risk scores to stratify and identify those at elevated risk during pregnancy is an area of continued research and development.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

To analyze the risk factors for complications in pregnancy associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and to develop a logistic regression model to predict cardiac outcomes.A retrospective analysis was performed on 249 women with PH, who were followed at the Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, from January 2012 to March 2015. All pregnancies were recorded. Overall, 214 cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension were identified. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were performed to determine the risk factors occurring during or after pregnancy in women with PH. Ultimately, six independent risk factors for cardiac events were determined.There were 70 cases of cardiac complications (28.1%) with PH, including 7 cases of maternal death (2.81%). Independent risk factors were rapid progression of symptoms [OR=3.044, 95%CI (1.042-8.895), P<0.05], brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) plasma levels ≥300pg/mL [OR=5.543, 95%CI (1.403-21.896), P<0.05], severe pulmonary hypertension (PAP≥80mmHg, 1mmHg=0.133kPa) [OR=6.769, 95%CI (2.748-16.677), P<0.05], World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC) III-IV [OR=6.053, 95%CI (2.638-13.886), P<0.05], PH pre-pregnancy [OR=5.434, 95%CI (1.298-22.738), P<0.05], and delivery ≥28weeks gestation [OR=10.876, 95%CI (3.957-29.893), P<0.05].Early advice on contraception for patients with PH, and the need for patients to undergo a comprehensive assessment of cardiac function pre-pregnancy are suggested from the results of the present study.Copyright © 2017 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 孕产妇死亡是指任何妊娠或妊娠相关的原因导致孕产妇从开始妊娠至产后42d内出现死亡（意外死亡的孕产妇不包括在内）。孕产妇死亡率是反映一个区域政治、经济、文化和卫生状况的重要指标。随着医疗技术水平的提高，国家卫生健康委员会发布《中国妇幼健康事业发展报告（2019）》，提示2018年全国孕产妇死亡率下降至18.3/10万。据统计，全国孕产妇死亡率最高的前4种疾病是产科出血（4.7/10万）、羊水栓塞（2.2/10万）、心脏病（2.0/10万）、妊娠期高血压疾病（1.6/10万）。2008&mdash;2017年上海危重孕产妇死亡64例，前2位死因分别为妊娠合并心脏病17例（26.15%）、重度子痫前期/子痫9例（13.85%）［1］，以上数据显示妊娠合并心脏病已成为孕产妇死亡的非产科因素首位因素。如何优化妊娠合并心脏病孕产妇的管理、降低孕产妇死亡率仍是需亟待完善的重要问题。浏览更多请关注本刊微信公众号及当期杂志。

The field of Cardio-Obstetrics is focused on mitigating cardiovascular risk among pregnant and post-partum individuals. Due to the complexity of caring for pregnant people with acquired or congenital cardiac disease, patients with these conditions are increasingly managed in multidisciplinary Cardio-Obstetrics teams, which are now considered essential to optimize maternal care in high-risk patients. Cardio-Obstetrics teams are composed of multiple subspecialists and have at least 3 roles: (1) provide preconception counseling and risk stratification to patients with known cardiac disease, (2) organize prenatal and postpartum care for patients who develop or present with cardiac disease during pregnancy, and (3) plan for emergent care for patients whose pregnancy "unmasks" cardiac disease, whether acquired disease or an unknown ACHD. Here we describe our experience at Einstein/Montefiore to aid other institutions in developing their own programs.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In the general population, planned caesarean section is thought to be safer in high-risk situations as it avoids the greater risk of an emergency caesarean section. Only limited data exist on the optimal mode of delivery in women with structural heart disease. We investigated the relationship between mode of delivery and pregnancy outcome in women with pre-existing heart disease.The Registry on Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease is an on-going, global, prospective observational registry of women with structural heart disease. We report on 1262 deliveries, between January 2007 and June 2011.The caesarean section was planned in 393 women (31%): 172 (44%) for cardiac and 221 (56%) for obstetric reasons of whom 53 delivered by emergency caesarean section. Vaginal delivery was planned in 869 (69%) women, of whom 726 (84%) actually delivered vaginally and 143 (16%) had an emergency caesarean section. Perinatal mortality(1.1 vs 2.7, p=0.14) and low apgar score (11.9 vs 10.1, p=0.45) were not significantly different in women who had a caesarean section or vaginal delivery; gestational age(37 vs 38 weeks p=0.003) and birth weight (3073 vs 2870 g p<0.001) were lower in women delivered by caesarean section compared with women delivered by vaginal delivery. In those delivered by elective or emergency caesarean section, there was no difference in maternal mortality (1.8% vs 1.5%, p=1.0), postpartum heart failure (8.8% vs 8.2% p=0.79) or haemorrhage (6.2% vs 5.1% p=0.61).These data suggest that planned caesarean section does not confer any advantage over planned vaginal delivery, in terms of maternal outcome, but is associated with an adverse fetal outcome.Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.