Advances in intensive care medicine have created a new disease called the chronic critical illness. While a significant proportion of severely ill patients who twenty years ago would have died survive the acute phase, they remain heavily dependent on intensive care for a prolonged period of time. These patients, who can be called “Patient Long Séjour” in French (PLS) or Prolonged Length of Stay patients in English, develop specific health issues that are still poorly recognised. They require special care, which differs from treatments that are given during the acute phase of their illness. A multidisciplinary team dedicated to ensuring their management and follow-up acquired a wide range of knowledge and expertise about these PLSs. Many new monitoring tools and diverse human approaches were implemented to ensure that care was targeted to these patients’ needs. This multimodal care management aims to optimise the patients’ and their families’ quality of life during and following intensive care, whilst maintaining the motivation of the healthcare team of the unit. The purpose of this article is to present new management techniques to hospital and ambulatory caregivers, physicians and nurses, who may be taking care of such patients.

Extracorporeal Circulation in Neonatal Respiratory Failure: A Prospective Randomized Study. By RH Bartlett, DW Roloff, RG Cornell, AF Andrews, PW Dillon, JB Zwischenberger. Pediatrics 1985; 76:479-87. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the use of mechanical devices to replace cardiac and pulmonary function in critical care. In the 1960s, laboratory research showed that extracorporeal circulation could be maintained for days using a membrane oxygenator. In the 1970s, the first clinical trials showed that ECMO could sustain life in severe cardiac and pulmonary failure for days or weeks, leading to organ recovery. From 1980 to 2000, ECMO became standard practice for neonatal and pediatric respiratory and cardiac failure. The critical clinical trial was a prospective randomized trial of ECMO in newborn respiratory failure, published in 1985. This is the classic article reviewed in this publication. This was the first use of a randomized, adaptive design trial to minimize the potential ethical dilemma inherent to clinical trials in which the endpoint is death. Other randomized trials followed, and ECMO is now standard practice for severe respiratory and cardiac failure in all age groups.Copyright © 2024 American Society of Anesthesiologists. All Rights Reserved.

Adults and children who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure remain at risk for ongoing lung injury if ventilator management is not optimized. This review serves as a guide to assist the bedside clinician in ventilator titration for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, with a focus on lung-protective strategies. Existing data and guidelines for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ventilator management are reviewed, including non-conventional ventilation modes and adjunct therapies.Copyright © 2023 by Daedalus Enterprises.

In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize current literature on pathophysiology, relevance, diagnosis and treatment of fluid accumulation in patients with sepsis/septic shock. Fluid accumulation syndrome (FAS) is defined as fluid accumulation (any degree, expressed as percentage from baseline body weight) with new onset organ-failure. Over the years, many studies have described the negative impact of FAS on clinically relevant outcomes. While the relationship between FAS and ICU outcomes is well described, uncertainty exists regarding its diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. A stepwise approach is suggested to prevent and treat FAS in patients with septic shock, including minimizing fluid intake (e.g., by limiting intravenous fluid administration and employing de-escalation whenever possible), limiting sodium and chloride administration, and maximizing fluid output (e.g., with diuretics, or renal replacement therapy). Current literature implies the need for a multi-tier, multi-modal approach to de-resuscitation, combining a restrictive fluid management regime with a standardized early active de-resuscitation, maintenance fluid reduction (avoiding fluid creep) and potentially using physical measures such as compression stockings.Trial registration: Not applicable.© 2024. The Author(s).

The evolving field of acute care surgery (ACS) traditionally includes trauma, emergency general surgery, and critical care. However, the critical role of ACS in the rescue of patients with a surgical complication has not been explored. We here describe the role of "surgical rescue" in the practice of ACS.A prospective, electronic medical record-based ACS registry spanning January 2013 to May 2014 at a large urban academic medical center was screened by ICD-9 codes for acute surgical complications of an operative or interventional procedure. Long-term outcomes were derived from the Social Security Death Index.Of 2,410 ACS patients, 320 (13%) required "surgical rescue": most commonly, from wound complications (32%), uncontrolled sepsis (19%), and acute obstruction (15%). The majority of complications (85%) were related to an operation; 15% were related to interventional procedures. The most common rescue interventions required were bowel resection (23%), wound debridement (18%), and source control of infection (17%); 63% of patients required operative intervention, and 22% required surgical critical care. Thirty-six percent of complications occurred in ACS primary patients ("local"), whereas 38% were referred from another surgical service ("institutional") and 26% referred from another institution ("regional"). Hospital length of stay was longer, and in-hospital and 1-year mortalities were higher in rescue patients compared with those without a complication. Outcomes were equivalent between "local" and "institutional" patients, but hospital length of stay and discharge to home were significantly worse in "institutional" referrals.We here describe the distinct role of the acute care surgeon in the surgical management of complications; this is an additional pillar of ACS. In this vital role, the acute care surgeon provides crucial support to other providers as well as direct patient care in the "surgical rescue" of surgical and procedural complications.Epidemiological study, level III; therapeutic/care management study, level IV.

The primary objective was to identify the proportion of patients on mechanical ventilation (MV) beyond day 10, the recently defined time of onset of Persistent Critical Illness (PerCI). The secondary objective was to identify underlying diagnoses, intensive care unit (ICU) based therapies, relevant complications, and outcomes of patients with PerCI.100 PerCI patients and 100 age, sex, mechanical ventilation for >24 h, acute physiology and chronic health score (APACHE III) and co-morbidity score-matched controls.The maximum proportion of PerCI patients requiring invasive MV beyond day 10 was 66%. PerCI patients were more likely to have respiratory, septic, or neurosurgical admission diagnoses (p = .01). In the first 10 ICU days, they received multiple types of ICU-based treatments for longer duration and had a higher incidence rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (p = .008). Hospital discharge destination differed significantly (p≤.001), with greater mortality (34% vs. 22%) and discharge to chronic care facility (11% vs. 0%).Mechanical ventilation beyond day 10 affected only two thirds of PerCI patients. However, VAP was a key complication in such patients. Discharge to chronic care facilities and hospital mortality were more common in PerCI patients.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Damage control surgery (DCS) is a strategy adopted to limit initial operative interventions in the unstable surgical patient, delaying definitive repairs and abdominal wall closure until physiologic parameters have improved. Although this concept of "physiology over anatomy" was initially described in the management of severely injured trauma patients, the approaches of DCS have become common in the management of non-traumatic intra-abdominal emergencies.While the utilization of damage control methods in emergency general surgery (EGS) is controversial, numerous studies have demonstrated improved outcomes, making DCS an essential technique for all acute care surgeons. Following a brief history of DCS and its indications in the EGS patient, the phases of DCS will be discussed including an in-depth review of preoperative resuscitation, techniques for intra-abdominal source control, temporary abdominal closure, ICU management of the open abdomen, and strategies to improve abdominal wall closure.Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Background: Management of patients in closed-door intensive care units (ICUs) is often associated with limited family visits and a highly technological environment, which can lead to patient deconditioning through altered circadian rhythms and depersonalization, contributing to psychological distress in addition to physiological distress. In recent years, there has been a shift in trends in the management of ICU patients with an emphasis on more social and psychological support, with the option of an open-door ICU. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the role of humanized care through social and psychological support in improving patients’ outcomes through the concept of open-door ICUs. Methods: This systematic review was conducted under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. Six databases were searched (LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Dialnet) using a strategy based on MeSH and DeCS terms. Studies published between 2018 and 2025, in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, were included. Fifty studies were selected and analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding techniques. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251080952). Results: Three main categories emerged: (1) Patient and Family Perceptions of ICU Care; (2) flexible visitation and technological mediation; and (3) humanization-centered care. These factors were linked to improved emotional well-being, reduced anxiety, enhanced communication, and stronger trust between families and healthcare professionals. Conclusions: Based on the results of our systematic review, we emphasize the importance of adopting humanized care practices in open-door ICUs. In particular, strategies like flexible visitation, emotional and spiritual support, respectful communication, and family involvement contribute to compassionate, patient-centered care. We recommend institutional policies that need to be designed that support humanization for patients and families.

We hypothesise that there exists a substantial and growing group of "persistently critically ill" patients who appear to be intensive care unit-dependent because of a cascade of critical illnesses rather than their original ICU admitting diagnosis. These persistently critically ill patients are those who remain in the ICU because of ongoing complications of care that continue after their reason for admission has been treated and is no longer active. We believe such patients can be distinguished from patients currently labelled as "chronic critical illness" or "prolonged mechanical ventilation". We further believe that their primary problem is not simply failure to wean from mechanical ventilation due to muscle weakness and impaired gas exchange. We outline a program of clinician consultation, epidemiological research, consensus conference and validation to develop a useful definition of persistent critical illness, with the aim of supporting investigations in preventing persistence, and improving the care of patients so affected.

Compare EGS patient outcomes after index and nonindex hospital readmissions, and explore predictive factors for nonindex readmission.

The Acute Care Surgery (ACS) model was developed as a dedicated service for the provision of 24/7 nontrauma emergency surgical care. This systematic review investigated which components are essential in an ACS model and the state of implementation of ACS models worldwide.A literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and Web of Science databases. All relevant data of ACS models were extracted from included articles.The search identified 62 articles describing ACS models in 13 countries. The majority consist of a dedicated nontrauma emergency surgical service, with daytime on-site attending coverage (cleared from elective duties), and 24/7 in-house resident coverage. Emergency department coverage and operating room access varied widely. Critical care is fully embedded in the original US model as part of the acute care chain (ACC), but is still a separate unit in most other countries. While in most European countries, ACS is not a recognized specialty yet, there is a tendency toward more structured acute care.Large national and international heterogeneity exists in the structure and components of the ACS model. Critical care is still a separate component in most systems, although it is an essential part of the ACC to provide the best pre-, intra- and postoperative care of the physiologically deranged patient. Universal acceptance of one global ACS model seems challenging; however, a global consensus on essential components would benefit any healthcare system.

Acute care surgery (ACS) has been practiced in several tertiary hospitals in South Korea since the late 2000s. The medical emergency team (MET) has improved the management of patients with clinical deterioration during hospitalization. This study aimed to identify the clinical effectiveness of collaboration between ACS and MET in hospitalized patients.This was an observational before-and-after study. Emergency surgical cases of hospitalized patients were included in this study. Patients hospitalized in the Department of Emergency Medicine or Department of Surgery, directly comanaged by ACS were excluded. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality rate. The secondary outcome was the alarm-to-operation interval, as recorded by a Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) of >4.In total, 240 patients were included in the analysis (131 in the pre-ACS group and 109 in the post-ACS group). The in-hospital mortality rates in the pre- and post-ACS groups were 17.6% and 22.9%, respectively (P = 0.300). MEWS of >4 within 72 hours was recorded in 62 cases (31 in each group), and the median alarm-to-operation intervals of each group were 11 hours 16 minutes and 6 hours 41 minutes, respectively (P = 0.040).Implementation of the ACS system resulted in faster surgical intervention in hospitalized patients, the need for which was detected early by the MET. The in-hospital mortality rates before and after ACS implementation were not significantly different.Copyright © 2023, the Korean Surgical Society.