腹壁组织结构分离（CS）是修复巨大复杂腹壁缺损的核心手段，其手术操作不可避免涉及对腹壁关键解剖结构的干扰，对其进行有效保护直接关系到术后并发症发生和远期功能恢复。充分了解与掌握腹壁的关键解剖层次、血管与神经的走行分布是有效实施CS的前提，对腹壁血管系统、神经支配系统以及腹壁肌筋膜完整性的保护是避免CS解剖风险发生的关键。保留穿支血管的前入路CS、完整保留血管神经束的后入路CS，以及内镜或机器人辅助等微创技术，为兼顾疗效与安全的个体化CS的实施以及提升腹壁重建手术安全性和远期疗效提供了重要的支撑。更加精细化、微创化、智能化和功能化是CS技术未来的发展方向。

The component separation CS is a core approach for repairing large and complex abdominal wall defects. Its surgical manipulation inevitably involves interference with key anatomical structures of the abdominal wall, and effective protection of these structures directly impacts postoperative complications and long-term functional recovery. A thorough understanding and mastery of the critical anatomical layers, as well as the course and distribution of blood vessels and nerves in the abdominal wall, are prerequisites for the safe implementation of CS. Protecting the abdominal wall vascular system, neural innervation, and the integrity of the myofascial structures is essential to avoiding the anatomical risks associated with CS. The anterior approach CS that preserves perforating vessels, the posterior approach CS that retains intact neurovascular bundles, and endoscopic or robot-assisted minimally invasive techniques all provide significant support for implementing individualized CS that balances efficacy and safety, while also enhancing the safety and long-term outcomes of abdominal wall reconstruction. Greater refinement, minimally invasive application, intelligence, and functional restoration represent the future direction of CS.