疝与腹壁外科的发展史本质上是对腹壁解剖结构从宏观走向微观、从模糊走向精确的认识过程。传统疝手术主要依赖经验性修补，复发率与并发症发生率均较高。而现代疝外科的成功，根植于对腹壁各层次精细解剖，尤其是对筋膜、肌肉、神经、血管及间隙等结构层次的深刻理解。基于“解剖-功能-修复”理念制定个体化、精准化的手术方案，是降低复发率、减少术后慢性疼痛及改善病人长期生活质量的根本。未来，随着影像学三维重建、人工智能及生物材料学的发展，腹壁精细解剖的研究也将继续引领疝与腹壁外科迈向更高层次的发展。

The evolution of hernia and abdominal wall surgery is, in essence, a history of advancing anatomical cognition—progressing from macroscopic to microscopic perspectives and from vague impressions to precise understanding of abdominal wall structures. Traditional hernia repairs relied heavily on empirical techniques, which were often associated with high recurrence rates and significant complications. In contrast, the success of modern hernia surgery is firmly grounded in a profound comprehension of the fine anatomy of each abdominal wall layer, particularly the fasciae, muscles, nerves, vessels, and potential spaces. Individualized and precision-oriented surgical strategies based on the “anatomy-function-repair” philosophy are fundamental to reducing recurrence rates, minimizing postoperative chronic pain, and improving long-term quality of life. Looking ahead, with continued advancements in three-dimensional imaging reconstruction, artificial intelligence, and biomaterial science, research into the fine anatomy of the abdominal wall will continue to propel hernia and abdominal wall surgery toward higher levels of development.