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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2023, 16 (5): 585-588.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2023.05.015 Abstract （793）            Objective    To evaluate the prevalence of missing teeth and the restoration needs in Chinese adults，and to explore the influencing factors in order to provide data support for the prevention and treatment of missing teeth in Chinese adults. Methods    The study was conducted in the Department of Prevention，Peking University School of Stomatology，from June 2022 to January 2023. The data of 35-44，55-64 and 65-74 years old adults were selected from the 4th National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey for further analysis. Data on 28 teeth including anterior，premolar，first and second molars were included. After stratification and weighted processing，the number of missing teeth per capita，prevalence of missing teeth，the proportion of people with less than 20 remaining teeth，the proportion of people with less than 8 remaining teeth，the number of residual roots per capita，the number of teeth with restoration needs per capita，and the proportion of people with restoration needs were analyzed. The possible influencing factors，including socio-demographic factors，oral factors，oral health factors，oral health service utilization factors and self-evaluation factors of oral and general conditions were evaluated. Results    There were 4410，4623 and 4431 persons in the age groups of 35-44，55-64 and 65-74 years old respectively，totally 13 464 persons. After a weighted processing，the prevalence of missing teeth in Chinese adults was about 56.9%，the number of missing teeth per adult was 3.28，the proportion of people with less than 20 remaining teeth was 11.8%，the proportion of people with less than 8 remaining teeth was 3.5%，the number of teeth needing restoration per capita was 3.86，and the proportion of people with restoration needs was 59.2%. With the increase of age，the prevalence of missing teeth，the number of missing teeth，the number of residual roots，the number of teeth with restoration needs and the proportion of people with restoration needs increased. In the age groups of 35-44，55-64 and 65-74 years old，the proportion of people with restoration needs（33.9%，69.5%，83.9%）was higher than the prevalence of missing teeth in the same age group（32.4%，66.3%，81.7%）. Analysis of different gender，urban and rural respondents of different age groups revealed that，in the age group of 55-64 years old，some related indexes of tooth loss in male were worse than those in female；in the age group of 35-44 years old，the number of teeth with restoration needs and the proportion of people with restoration needs in male were less than those of the women，and the difference was statistically significant（all P < 0.05）. Compared with rural areas，the indexes related to the missing teeth and the restoration needs in urban areas were better in advanced age group（55-64 years old，65-74 years old），the difference being statistically significant （all P < 0.05）. The number of missing teeth per capita（6.51 ± 7.98）and the prevalence of missing teeth（76.7%） were relatively high in Tibetan Autonomous Region，while the number of missing teeth per capita（2.20 ± 4.34）and the prevalence of missing teeth（45.5%）were relatively low in Hunan Province. The number of teeth with restoration needs per capita（7.88 ± 8.60）and the proportion of people with restoration needs（81.8%）in Tibetan Autonomous Region were relatively high，while the number of teeth with restoration needs per capita（2.36 ± 5.32）and the proportion of people with restoration needs（35.7%）were relatively low in Inner Mongolia. Independent factors associated with the prevalence of missing teeth and the the proportion of people with restoration needs included：advanced age，low education level，attachment loss，good self-assessment of general health status and poor self-assessment of oral health status （P < 0.05）. In addition，rural areas，ethnic minority and low family income percapita were independent risk factors influencing the restoration needs （P < 0.05）. Conclusion    The situation of tooth loss is severe in Chinese adults. We should focus on the ethnic minority，rural areas，less educated and economically disadvantaged of the elderly. We should strengthen oral health education，improve the oral health status of the elderly，and improve the medical insurance system related to teeth restoration of the elderly in order to increase the rate of preserving natural teeth. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (4): 453-457.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.04.013 Abstract （61）            Objective    To analyze common issues and reasons for inadequate capture of nine standardized intraoral photographs during clinical periodontal internship of dental students. Methods    Fifty sets of nine standardized intraoral photographs were collected from 28 eight-year program dental students at the College of Stomatology，Shanghai Jiao Tong University，from the 2018 cohort，during their clinical internship in periodontology. The occurrence rates of 10 common photographing issues were calculated. Further analysis was conducted on issues with occurrence rates ≥ 50%. Results    The occurrence rates of common photographing issues，from highest to lowest，were as follows：coexistence of actual and mirror images：80.0%（40/50）；failure to capture direct frontal view：74.0%（37/50）；incomplete removal of saliva：56.0%（28/50）；incorrect cropping：56.0%（28/50）；insufficient retraction of lips for anterior teeth：52.0%（26/50）；reflection of mirror edges in image：50.0%（25/50）；insufficient gingival exposure：46.0%（23/50）；excessive brightness or darkness：36.0%（18/50）；incomplete capture of teeth：34.0%（17/50）；fogging/saliva/stains on mirror：34.0%（17/50）. Coexistence of actual and mirror images primarily occurred in the posterior teeth region，mainly mirror images coexisting with actual images of tooth/gum or lips/cheeks；failure to capture direct frontal views mainly included midline deviation，lingual/palatal side occlusal surface capture，and posterior teeth captured too mesially；incomplete removal of saliva was predominantly observed on tooth surfaces，interdental spaces，and the floor of the mouth；errors in cropping primarily involved failure to remove actual image and mirror edge；the most common occurrence of insufficient retraction of lips for anterior teeth was in the palatal side images；the reflection of the mirror edge primarily occurred in lingual-side images of the posterior teeth. Conclusion    There are many problems with the nine standardized intraoral photographs taken by dental students in the periodontal clinical internship. During teaching，it is necessary to emphasize the correct methods of mirror placement，lip traction and framing during shooting. Before taking photos，emphasis should be placed on removing saliva on tooth surfaces，interdental spaces，and the floor of the mouth. After photography，it is crucial to stress the standard of photo cropping. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (1): 102-107.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.01.017 Abstract （186）            Exosomes are secreted by a variety of cells in the body and are tiny vesicular structures containing nucleic acids，proteins，and lipids，which are widely present in body fluids. Existing studies have shown that exosomes play a pivotal role in the development，diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis. Microbial and host-derived exosomes can influence the development of periodontitis by regulating the levels of cellular inflammation or the body′s immune responses. Salivary exosomes are easy to collect，abundant and physicochemically stable，containing a variety of microRNAs（miRNAs），proteins and other molecules，which have become a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of periodontitis in recent years. In the treatment of periodontitis，the research in the use of exosomes for repairing alveolar bone defects and promoting the regeneration of dental pulp and dentin is gradually increasing；in addition，exosomes have the potential to be targeted drug carriers. Based on the important function and application value of exosomes，this review provides the research progress on the role of exosomes in the development，clinical diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis，and offers ideas for subsequent research and clinical application. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2025, 18 (2): 160-169.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2025.02.006 Abstract （73）            Objective    To investigate and compare the cariogenic effects of three Prevotella species ［Prevotella histicola（P.h），Prevotella denticola（P.d）and Prevotella maculosa（P.m）］ and provide a reference basis for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Methods    Three Prevotella species and Streptococcus mutans（S.m）were cultured for 24 h. The pH of the bacterial supernatant was then measured，and high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to detect acid production in the supernatant. The four bacterial cultures were incubated at pH levels of 4.5，5.5，and 6.5 for 24 h，and the optical density（OD）was measured to evaluate bacterial acid resistance. Crystal violet staining was used to detect the biofilm formation of the four bacterial cultures after 48 h of incubation. The morphology and structure of the biofilm were observed using scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. The content of water-insoluble extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm was determined using the anthrone method. Twenty impacted third molars were collected from patients who visited the Department of Stomatology at Qingdao Municipal Hospital between July and August 2024. Forty enamel blocks were prepared and randomly divided into five groups，each containing eight blocks. The groups were incubated in TSBS culture medium with bacterial solutions of P.h（P.h group），P.d（P.d group），P.m（P.m group），and S.m（S.m group），and a sterile control group was set. After two weeks of culture，the enamel surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscope，and the difference in Vickers hardness（HV）of the enamel blocks before and after culturing was measured with a micro Vickers hardness tester. Results    ①After 24 h of incubation，compared with the three Prevotella species，the pH of the supernatant from S.m was lower，and the concentrations of lactic acid and total acid were higher. The pH of the supernatant from P.h was significantly lower than that from P.d and P.m，and the concentrations of succinic acid，lactic acid，acetic acid，and total acid were all greater than those of P.d and P.m，with all differences being statistically significant（P < 0.05）. The differences between P.d and P.m were not statistically significant（P > 0.05）. ②After being cultured for 24 h under different pH conditions，the OD of S.m significantly increased compared to the three Prevotella species. At a pH of 6.5，the OD of P.h was greater than that of both P.d and P.m，while the OD of P.d exceeded that of P.m，with all differences being statistically significant（P < 0.05）. As the values of pH decreased，bacterial growth was progressively inhibited. At a pH of 4.5，the OD of S.m increased slowly，while the growth of the three Prevotella species was greatly inhibited. ③After 48 h of cultivation，all three species of Prevotella were capable of forming biofilms. The biofilm formed by P.h exhibited a uniform and dense structure，contaning numerous microbial colonies. Compared to those of P.d and P.m，the concentration of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides in the P.h biofilm ［（1.39 ± 0.23）g/L］ was significantly higher，along with an increased biofilm thickness ［（16.33 ± 2.08）μm］，all the differences being statistically significant（P < 0.05）. The biofilm thicknesses for P.d and P.m were（8.33 ± 1.53）μm and（7.33 ± 1.53）μm，respectively，with corresponding concentrations of water-insoluble extracellular polysaccharides being（0.91 ± 0.04）g/L and（0.72 ± 0.08）g/L. No significant differences were observed between these two species（both P > 0.05）. ④All three species of Prevotella were capable of inducing enamel demineralization. Specifically，the P.h group exhibited a more severe degree of enamel surface demineralization，characterized by a larger HV difference than that of P.d and P.m，the differences being statistically significant（P < 0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in HV difference between the P.d group and the P.m group（P > 0.05）. Moreover，the HV difference in the S.m group exceeded three Prevotella groups，with statistically significant differences（all P < 0.05）. Conclusion    P.h，P.d and P.m can all lead to dental caries through acid production，acid tolerance，biofilm formation and induction of enamel demineralization，although their cariogenicity is slightly weaker than S.m. The cariogenic effect of P.h is greater than the other two Prevotella species，while no significant differences in cariogenicity are observed between P.d and P.m. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2025, 18 (1): 99-103.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2025.01.016 Abstract （56）            Periodontal disease is an inflammatory infectious disease with high prevalence that can lead to destruction of periodontal tissues. Topical periodontal therapeutic agents have always been a hotspot in its treatment. Gelatin methacryloyl（GelMA）hydrogel，widely used in antimicrobial drug delivery and regeneration of bone，cartilage and other tissues due to its controllable physicochemical properties，good biocompatibility and degradability，can be used as an excellent periodontal topical slow-release agent. This paper reviews the research progress of GelMA hydrogel in recent years in inhibiting periodontitis-causing bacteria and the progression of periodontal inflammation，and its role in promoting the regeneration of periodontal tissues，aiming to provide a reference for the clinical application of GelMA hydrogel in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (2): 166-173.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.02.007 Abstract （107）            Objective    To study the clinical application effect of the American Board of Orthodontics （ABO） objective grading system（OGS）based on artificial intelligence（AI）. Methods    Post-treatment plaster models of 38 patients，who completed orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics，Beijing Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2016 to July 2023，were collected for retrospective analysis. The iTero Element® scanner was used to generate digital models. An AI-based ABO-OGS measurement system was then employed to perform automatic assessment based on digital models，which was recorded as the AI group；1 attending physician and 1 senior chief physician used the ABO measuring ruler to perform manual measurement based on the 3D printed digital model，which were recorded as the manual measurement attending（MMA）group and the manual measurement chief（MMC）group，respectively. Measurements were performed twice with an interval of 2 weeks as a washout period. The scores and time consumption were recorded. Results    The measurement time-consumption of the AI group，MMA group and MMC group was（0.18 ± 0.00）s，（292.94 ± 27.10）s，and（210.00 ± 21.21）s，respectively，showing a statistically significant difference（F = 980.288，P < 0.001）. All three groups had decent measurement consistency，with the ICC values of the ABO-OGS total score reaching 0.897，0.869 and 0.929，respectively. Additionally，only in the AI group，there was no statistical difference in the comparison of the two measurement scores of various indexes（all P > 0.05）. The difference between the two measurement scores of the buccolingual inclination index in the AI group was lower than that in the MMA group，but the difference in marginal ridges index was higher than that in the MMC group，and the differences were all statistically significant（both P < 0.05）. Comparative analysis among groups was conducted based on the average score of the two measurements，and the AI group displayed higher measurement scores for most indexes. Compared with the MMA group，the overjet and occlusal contact indexes scores and total score in AI group were higher. Compared with the MMC group，the alignment，marginal ridges，buccolingual inclination，overjet and occlusal contact indexes scores and total score in AI group were higher，and the differences were statistically significant（all P < 0.05）. Conclusion    The AI-based ABO-OGS exhibits decent repeatability in measurements with higher time efficiency；however，its measurement scores are generally higher than manual scores，which still needs further optimization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (2): 216-221.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.02.015 Abstract （172）            Compared to conventional complete denture，complete-arch implant-supported restoration provides improved fixation and stability，enhancing the masticatory efficiency of patients. Passive fit of the upper structure is critical to long-term success，which is closely related to impression accuracy. The main impression methods for complete-arch implant-supported restorations include conventional impression methods and digital impression methods. With the continuous development of digital technology，digital impressions are increasingly employed in edentulous patients due to their advantages of simplifying the impression-taking process and facilitating communication and design，as well as improving patient comfort；however，the accuracy of the impression remains uncertain. This article reviews the impression methods for complete-arch edentulous patients and some factors affecting the impression accuracy，aiming to increase clinicians′ level in impression of edentulous implant-supported restoration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (3): 336-341.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.03.013 Abstract （51）            How to scientifically evaluate practical education in the field of stomatology has become one of the key concerns for education practitioners. Entrustable professional activity assessment is an evaluation model that transforms students′ abilities into specific clinical tasks. It is derived from the concept of competence and provides detailed guidance and process monitoring for achieving competence，thereby positively influencing on the reform of practical education in stomatology. There are still some problems in the top-level design and practical exploration of the existing dental education system in China，but accelerating the establishment and soundness of the entrustable professional activity assessment is of great significance to the development of dental education in China. In this paper，the author will review relevant domestic and international literature on entrustable professional activity assessment in medical education，combining it with the current development status of stomatology in China，to analyze the positive role of entrustable professional activity assessment on the reform and development of practical education in the stomatology profession. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (3): 332-335.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.03.012 Abstract （39）            Objective    The study investigated the application effects of a teaching model that combines digital slice-based micro-lectures with flipped classrooms in the practical teaching of oral histopathology. Methods    The study was conducted from September 2021 to January 2023 in the network class at the Teaching Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Military Medical University. The study included 44 students from grade 2019（control group）and 45 students from grade 2020（research group）majoring in five-year undergraduate in oral medicine at the Third Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Military Medical University. In the practical teaching of oral histopathology，the research group adopted the teaching model based on digital slices combined with micro-lecture and flipped classrooms，while the control group used traditional teaching methods. After all courses ended，a satisfaction questionnaire survey was conducted among the students. The practical course grades and the results of the satisfaction questionnaire survey for practical teaching were compared between the two groups. Results    The results showed that the practical course grades of the research group were（94.98 ± 2.16）points，significantly higher than the control group［（92.18 ± 2.15）points］，with a statistically significant difference（t = 6.123，P < 0.001）. The satisfaction questionnaire survey results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the research group and the control group in terms of improving self-learning ability，creating a good classroom interaction，appropriate teaching methods，stimulating interest in learning，and deepening the understanding of theoretical knowledge（Z values were 3.161，3.369，2.282，2.561 and 2.797 respectively；P values were 0.002，0.001，0.023，0.010 and 0.006 respectively）. Conclusion    The teaching model that combines digital slice-based micro-lectures with flipped classrooms can effectively improve the learning efficiency of oral histopathology practice classes for stomatology undergraduates，stimulate students′ learning enthusiasm，mobilize students′ enthusiasm，and enhance teacher-student communication，which is an effective method to improve the teaching effect of oral histopathology practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (1): 114-117.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.01.019 Abstract （59）            Periodontal ligament cells（PDLCs）are common cells in periodontal tissues，and they play important roles in maintaining the morphological and functional integrity，force distribution，and homeostasis protection of periodontal tissues. PDLCs are a kind of mechano-sensory cells that can convert mechanical force signals into biological signals，which can regulate the biological behaviors of the downstream cells. Osteoclasts（OCs）are the main functional cells during root resorption，and their viability and quantity are regulated by PDLCs. This paper reviews the research progress on how PDLCs regulate OCs under various mechanical stimulation，and aims to provide new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of root resorption. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (1): 97-101.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.01.016 Abstract （106）            Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is a subtype of oral squamous cell carcinoma with a high incidence. Because this region involves complex anatomical structure and rich lymphatic reflux，it has a high rate of cervical lymph node metastasis and a poor prognosis. As a solid tumor，conventional imaging methods often can not reflect its internal heterogeneity clearly. Radiomics can reflect the intra-tumor heterogeneity by extracting advanced quantitative imaging features in a high-through manner，and can be used for further analysis by integrating machine learning，which is used to develop image feature classification or prediction models related to tumor phenotype or gene-protein features，aiding clinical decision making. In this paper，the research progress on the application of machine learning-based magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）radiomics was reviewed，concerning the prediction of the degree of pathological differentiation，cervical lymph node metastasis，effect and prognosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma in recent years，in order to provide refence for precision medicine of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2023, 16 (6): 729-731.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2023.06.014 Abstract （82）            Objective    To investigate the effectiveness of the digital techniques in the teaching of design of removable partial denture （RPD）. Methods    Sixty students who underwent standardized training in prosthodontics in China Medical University Hospital of Stomatology from September 2020 to September 2022 were selected for the study. All students received software training and learned related courses in advance，after which they completed the tests of 20 cases of traditional RPD design tests（traditional group），20 cases of RPD design online（digital group），and an anonymous questionnaire survey. Results    The scores of the students′    tests were 76.5 ± 6.1（traditional group）and 80.0 ± 8.0（digital group）respectively，and there was no significant difference（t = -2.685，P = 0.510）. The results of the questionnaire showed that 95.0%（57/60）of the students believed that the understanding of RPD design was improved through the digital methods；98.3%（59/60）of the students expressed their interest in the RPD design software and believed that the use of the software improved their interest and motivation in learning；100%（60/60）of the students indicated that the software was easy to operate and helpful in learning RPD design，which would help in the teacher-student communication and said that they would use the software in the future. Conclusion    Digital technology in the teaching of RPD design can promote the understanding of design of RPD，and improve learning interest，initiative and the communication between students and teachers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2023, 16 (5): 609-614.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2023.05.018 Abstract （84）            It is one of the important goals of dentists to achieve wide and close occlusal contact and avoid occlusal trauma resulting from occlusal interference and premature contact，which is also an important indication for successful restorative treatment. Occlusal contact analysis plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various oral specialties. In recent years，with the continuous integration of digital technology into dentistry，the quantitative analysis method of occlusal contact based on digital technology has also made rapid development and plays an increasingly important role in clinical diagnosis and treatment. This paper reviewed the research progress of occlusal contact analysis methods，aiming to enable dentists to get a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and limitations of different methods and to select appropriate occlusal contact analysis methods according to the situation of clinical practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2023, 16 (5): 604-608.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2023.05.017 Abstract （56）            The reconstruction of jaw defect has always been one of the important topics in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Because of its high requirements on surgical precision，and its complexity and challenge，inexperienced clinicians often need to accept long-term and standardized training to master this technology. The Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology Department of the Ninth People′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine，as the largest oral and maxillofacial-head and neck tumor diagnosis and treatment center in China，has accumulated rich experience in jaw reconstruction training. After continuous exploration and practice，a "systematic stepped" jaw reconstruction training system consisting of four stages of "comprehensive theory，digital design，model operation and clinical observation" has been gradually formed. This system is developed for clinicians in oral surgery，head and neck surgery and plastic surgery training，which not only improves the clinician′s theoretical and operational level of jaw reconstruction，but also shortens the clinicians′ learning curve. The aim of this article is to introduce the training system in detail summarize the main points and precautions in jaw reconstruction training，in order to provide reference for the colleagues engaged in jaw reconstruction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (1): 7-14.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.01.002 Abstract （186）            The peri-implant soft tissue not only influences the long-term stability of the implant，but also plays a decisive role in the aesthetics of the labial and buccal sides as well as in patient adaptation. Adequate keratinized mucosa width around the implant reduces plaque accumulation and local alveolar ridge resorption，and decreases the incidence of peri-implantitis. Therefore，avoiding the risk of insufficient keratinized mucosa and mastering different methods of keratinized mucosa treatment and augmentation can contribute to the timely and effective treatment of clinical complications. Currently，the main surgical procedures used for keratinized mucosa widening in the clinic include root-oriented resurfacing flap，free gingival grafting，and subepithelial connective tissue grafting. In this article，we present a review of the risk factors for insufficient width of peri-implant keratinized mucosa and the operational features of various types of keratinized mucosa widening procedures，with a view to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (1): 26-32.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.01.004 Abstract （116）            Food impaction is a common complication of fixed implant supported restoration with high prevalence and severe threat to oral health. It is classified into three subtypes：vertical，horizontal and mixed type，which is the most commonly used classification clinically. Many factors are related to food impaction，such as，hard and soft tissue around implant，implant and its superior prosthesis，adjacent tooth，opposite jaw tooth，occlusion，teeth alignment and personal habit. There is no simple and effective therapeutic method clinically. Prevention should be the first choice，and a multidisciplinary approaches of restoration，periodontology and orthodontics can be applied following confirmed diagnosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (1): 62-66.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.01.010 Abstract （71）            Objective    To compare the effect of ultrasonic activated irrigation，EDDY irrigation and Er∶YAG laser shock-wave enhanced emission photo acoustic streaming（SWEEPS） on the removal of Enterococcus faecalis in root canals. Methods    This study was carried out in the Department of Endodontics and the Laboratory of Oral Microecology and Systemic Diseases，the Ninth People′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from February to June 2023. Fifteen root canal models of mandibular first premolars infected with Enterococcus faecalis were constructed and divided into ultrasound group，EDDY group，and SWEEPS-Er∶YAG group，with five models in each group. The root canals of three groups of tooth models were irrigated with the corresponding irrigation methods mentioned above，each tooth model was rinsed 3 times，and the samples of main root canals and lateral root canals were collected with sterile paper before and after each rinse，and the samples were detected and analyzed by plate bacterial count method. Results    SWEEPS-Er∶YAG group had significantly fewer colonies in the main root canal at 30 s and 60 s after irrigation and in the lateral root canal at 60 s and 90 s after irrigation than ultrasonic group and EDDY group （all P < 0.05）. The reduction rate of bacterial load in the main root canal at 30 s and 60 s afterirrigation and in the lateral root canal at 30 s，60 s and 90 s after irrigation in SWEEPS-Er∶YAG group was significantly higher than that in ultrasonic group and EDDY group（all P < 0.05）. Conclusion    Er∶YAG laser SWEEPS mode can remove Enterococcus faecalis in root canals faster and better than passive ultrasonic activated irrigation and EDDY irrigation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (2): 135-140.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.02.002 Abstract （83）            Apical peri-implantitis（API）is an inflammatory lesion categorized as one of the biological complications of dental implants，with a relatively low clinical occurrence rate（0.26%  - 3.80%）. This condition typically localizes around the periapical region of the implant，while other bone-implant interfaces remain unaffected. In the early stages of API，characteristic clinical symptoms are often absent，and detection of potential lesions relies on radiographic imaging. Currently，there is a lack of universally recognized classification systems and clinical treatment consensus for this condition. Treatment options generally involve non-surgical approaches aiming at implant preservation and surgical interventions，including flap elevation with implant apical surgery，guided bone regeneration，and/or implant apical resection. Early diagnosis and treatment of API during the osseointegration phase holds promise for improving implant survival rates and reducing the risk of implant removal. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2025, 18 (2): 170-175.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2025.02.007 Abstract （29）            Objective    To study the effect of amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles（NACP）and synthetic polypeptides（NH2-CQDSETRTFYDSHAKRHHGYKRKFHEKHHSHRGY-COOH，CYP）on microleakage at the edge of Class Ⅴ cavity backfill in isolated teeth. Methods    A total of 80 impacted molars extracted from patients treated in the Stomatology Department of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from April to June 2024 were collected，and Class Ⅴ cavities were prepared in the neck of the cheek and tongue side of the isolated teeth. All the isolated teeth were divided into total acid etching group and self-etching group with 40 teeth in each group（80 Class Ⅴ cavities）by random number table method. Then，according to the bonding and filling treatment method，they were divided into control subgroup（coated with general adhesive only），NACP subgroup（with mixed coating of general adhesive and 30% NACP by mass fraction），CYP subgroup（coated with general adhesive after 1% CYP treated cavity by mass fraction），and NACP+CYP subgroup（with mixed coating of general adhesive and 30% NACP by mass fraction after 1% CYP treated cavity by mass fraction）. There were 10 isolated teeth in each subgroup（20 Class Ⅴ cavities）. The isolated teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 24 h after cyclic aging treatment，and the microleakage degree of occlusal wall and gingival wall of each group was observed and evaluated. Results    The microleakage scores of internal gingival wall in all subgroups were higher than those of occlusal wall，and the differences were statistically significant（all P < 0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in microleakage scores of occlusal wall and gingival wall between total acid etching group and self-etching group（all P < 0.05）. The microleakage scores of the occlusal wall and gingival wall of the NACP+CYP subgroups in the total and self-etching groups were lower than those in the control subgroup. The occlusal wall microleakage scores of NACP subgroup and CYP subgroup in total acid etching group were lower than those of control subgroup，and the gingival wall microleakage scores of NACP+CYP subgroup were lower than those of NACP subgroup，with statistical difference（all P < 0.05）. There were no significant differences in wall or gingival microleakage scores between each pair of groups with the same name between total and self-etching groups（P > 0.05）. Conclusion    Both NACP and CYP can reduce the degree of microleakage at the edge of Class Ⅴ cavity backfill to a certain extent，and the effect of combined application of both is better. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in the study of functional and anatomical characteristics of mandibular molar teeth and the application of alveolar ridge preservation in mandibular molar region. ZHANG Hao-yun, SHI Yu-tong, HU Wen-jie Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology    2024, 17 (6): 641-645.   DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2024.06.001 Abstract （91）            The prevalence of periodontal disease is very high in China，and periodontitis is the main cause of tooth loss in adults. Implant treatment has now become an important prosthodontic choice for patients with tooth loss due to periodontitis. Dentists focus on avoiding the risk and reducing the difficulty and biological complications of dental implant treatment. Since alveolar ridge preservation effectively reduces alveolar bone resorption after tooth extraction and creates better conditions for implant treatment，this technique has gradually become a hot spot in clinical research. As mandibular molars are closely related to the mandibular canal，dentists should pay attention to the local anatomical structure during implant treatment to avoid damaging the inferior alveolar vessels and nerves. However，mandibular molars with severe periodontitis often have bone insufficiency after extraction，which makes prosthodontic-guided implant treatment more difficult and risky. Therefore，this review analyses the functional and anatomical characteristics of mandibular molars，the characteristics of periodontitis in mandibular molars，and the clinical effectiveness and significance of alveolar ridge preservation for mandibular molars，to provide a reference for clinical decision-making. Related Articles | Metrics