Abstract: The prevalence of periodontal disease is very high in China，and periodontitis is the main cause of tooth loss in adults. Implant treatment has now become an important prosthodontic choice for patients with tooth loss due to periodontitis. Dentists focus on avoiding the risk and reducing the difficulty and biological complications of dental implant treatment. Since alveolar ridge preservation effectively reduces alveolar bone resorption after tooth extraction and creates better conditions for implant treatment，this technique has gradually become a hot spot in clinical research. As mandibular molars are closely related to the mandibular canal，dentists should pay attention to the local anatomical structure during implant treatment to avoid damaging the inferior alveolar vessels and nerves. However，mandibular molars with severe periodontitis often have bone insufficiency after extraction，which makes prosthodontic-guided implant treatment more difficult and risky. Therefore，this review analyses the functional and anatomical characteristics of mandibular molars，the characteristics of periodontitis in mandibular molars，and the clinical effectiveness and significance of alveolar ridge preservation for mandibular molars，to provide a reference for clinical decision-making.

Key words: mandible, molar, alveolar ridge preservation, dental implant therapy

摘要： 我国牙周疾病发病率高，牙周炎是成年人失牙的主要原因。种植治疗现已成为牙周炎失牙患者的重要修复手段。如何降低种植治疗难度、规避种植手术风险、减少生物学并发症是口腔医生关注的重点。因牙槽嵴保存术可有效减少拔牙后的牙槽骨吸收，为种植治疗创造良好条件，该技术逐渐成为临床研究热点。下颌磨牙与下颌管关系紧密，其缺失后选择种植治疗时应格外关注局部解剖结构，避免下牙槽血管神经损伤，而拔除罹患重度牙周病变的下颌磨牙自然愈合后常骨量不足，实现以修复为导向的种植治疗的难度与风险增加。因此，文章针对下颌磨牙，分析其功能与解剖特点、罹患牙周炎的特点、拔牙同期实施牙槽嵴保存术的临床效果和意义，以期为临床决策提供参考借鉴。

关键词: 下颌, 磨牙, 牙槽嵴保存术, 种植治疗