Hypercalcemia：Differential diagnosis, surgical treatment and evaluation        CHU Cheng-yu, WANG Hong-ying, ZOU Qiang. Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
Corresponding author: ZOU Qiang, E-mail: zouqiang003@aliyun.com
Abstract    Surgery remains the main therapeutic approach in treating the hypercalcemia caused by hyperparathyroidism（HPT）. Most cases of primary HPT are due to a solitary parathyroid adenoma. Qualitative diagnosis may depend on elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH)，hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Pre-operative imaging examination, including scintigraphy  and ultrasonography，may help to locate the lesion. The resection of adenoma is the choice for the operation and extensive exploration is unnecessary. Characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia, renal HPT is diagnosed on the basis of long-term renal failure and hemodialysis. Elevated PTH with elevated calcium and phosphorus as well as ultrasonography may be used in the qualitative identification and localization respectively. Parathyroidectomy may be indicated when the medical therapies are inefficient. Total parathyroidectomy with partial autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue is recommended.