Biofeedback therapy in chronic constipation        DING Shu-qing.  Department of Anorectal Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China
Abstract    Chronic constipation is a common functional disorder. The subsets include out-let obstructive type, slow transit and mixed type. Biofeedback therapy is the first line option in out-let obstructive dominantly including pelvic floor dyssynergia and pelvic floor relaxation. In clinical practice, pelvic floor physiology tests are applied to choose the best indication candidates. Specific protocol, patient-therapist cooperation and patient passion are the key effectiveness contributions. The pelvic floor muscle tonic contraction and endurance training play more important role than muscle strength. Electrical stimulation, acupuncture, Chinese herb, botulinum injection and minor operation are alternatives when pure biofeedback therapy is unsatisfied.