The risk factors and the clinical characteristics of male breast cancer        WU Ke-jin, DING Long-long. Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
Corresponding author: WU Ke-jin, E-mail: kejinwu@163.com
Abstract    Male breast cancer is a rare malignant tumor, accounting for <1% of all male malignant tumors. Epidemiological risk factors for male breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, BRCA mutation, clinical disorders relating to hormonal imbalances, certain occupational, environmental exposures and alcohol. The most common clinical sign of male breast cancer is painless lump. The main pathological type of male breast tumor is invasive ductal carcinoma with high positive expression rates of hormone receptors. The prognosis of male breast cancer is much awful.