Diagnosis and treatment thinking of  refractory gastrointestinal bleeding        WANG Zhen-jun. Department of General Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
Abstract    The definition of refractory gastrointestinal bleeding is equivocation. The purpose of the article is to summarize the features and basic principles of the treatment of refractory gastrointestinal bleeding through literature review. Refractory gastrointestinal bleeding can be divided into the following four situations: etiology unknown, knoun etiology buy refractory to treatment, patient with severe complication and acute massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Multidisciplinary collaboration including the department of endoscopy, surgery and intervention therapy is necessary for the succesful diagnosis and treatment of refractory gastrointestinal bleeding.