关键词: 血管移植物, 抗感染, 术后感染, 材料研发, 纳米技术, 生物活性分子, 生物膜

Abstract: Vascular grafts are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases but face significant challenges related to postoperative vascular graft infections (VGI), particularly in complex surgeries where they may lead to severe complications and high mortality rates. Commonly used vascular graft materials include synthetic materials (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane) and natural materials (e.g., collagen, silk fibroin, bacterial cellulose, chitosan). Synthetic materials are extensively applied due to their excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability but exhibit poor biocompatibility and a propensity for biofilm formation. In contrast, natural materials demonstrate good biocompatibility and the ability to promote endothelialization but require optimization in mechanical performance and degradation rate. Advances in anti-infective technologies for vascular graft materials have included antimicrobial agent impregnation and coating, drug delivery systems, surface micro/nanostructure design, and the incorporation of bioactive molecules. Antimicrobial coatings (e.g., silver ions, triclosan) effectively inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, but traditional antibiotics face challenges related to resistance. Drug delivery systems that incorporate bioactive molecules such as nitric oxide or heparin not only inhibit infections but also promote angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation. Surface micro/nanostructure designs and bioactive molecule integration further enhance grafts’ antibacterial properties, endothelialization potential, and hemocompatibility. Future research directions include the development of intelligent and multifunctional anti-infective vascular grafts by combining nanotechnology, bioactive molecules, and smart materials to address issues such as antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. While in vitro studies have yielded promising results, further exploration is needed to verify the safety and feasibility of in vivo applications and long-term clinical use. The development of anti-infective vascular grafts holds significant promise for addressing postoperative infections, improving therapeutic outcomes, and enhancing patient prognosis, providing clear directions and scientific foundations for subsequent research.

Key words: vascular grafts, anti-infection, postoperative infection, material development, nanotechnology, bioactive molecules, biofilm