直肠癌在我国是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，其中大约70%的肿瘤是中低位直肠癌。在过去的几十年中，放射治疗以及近来出现的放化疗与外科手术结合共同成为直肠癌治疗的主要手段.基于解剖的直肠癌根治术，包括了直肠癌的血管结扎，盆腔自主神经的保留，以及淋巴结的清扫和标准的全直肠系膜切除术，以及保留肛门括约肌的手术选择。

Decision-making on surgical therapy of low-third rectal cancer based on anatomy GU Jin，DU Chang-zheng. Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital &Institute，Beijing100142,China Corresponding author:GU Jin, E-mail:zlguj@yahoo.com.cn Abstract Rectal cancer is one of the most common cancers, and 75% locate at low-third rectum. Surgery is predominant therapy for rectal cancer. During the past decades,radiotherapy and more recently radiochemotherapy have been increasingly used together with surgery in the primary management of patients with rectal caner. Radical procedure of rectal cancer based on anatomy involves vascular ligation, pelvic autonomic nerve preservation(PANP), lymph nodes resection, total mesorectal excision(TME) and sphincter preservation.