Abstract: The eruption and exfoliation of teeth are important physiological processes during children′s growth and development，with certain individual variations in timing and sequence. However，when the eruption or exfoliation time deviates significantly from the normal range，abnormal eruption sequence occurs，and clinical manifestations such as tooth impaction，ectopia，and occlusal disorders are common. Abnormal eruption and exfoliation of teeth indicate that patients may have local or systemic etiologies，as well as pathological mechanisms affecting normal eruption and exfoliation. Such abnormalities not only impact children′s masticatory function，occlusal development，maxillofacial bone development and aesthetics，but may also be the oral manifestations of certain genetic or systemic diseases. This article aims to systematically summarize the complex etiologies of abnormal eruption and exfoliation of teeth in children，explore their pathological mechanisms in depth，and provide clinicians with a reference for the early identification，accurate diagnosis，and comprehensive treatment of the abnormal eruption and exfoliation of teeth in children based on current clinical practice.

Key words: tooth eruption, tooth exfoliation, abnormal eruption and exfoliation, genetic factors, local factors, malocclusion

摘要： 牙齿萌出与脱落是儿童生长发育过程中的重要生理环节，其时间与顺序存在一定个体差异。然而，当萌出或脱落时间显著偏离正常范围，会出现牙齿萌出顺序异常，临床常表现为牙齿阻生、异位、咬合紊乱等情况。牙齿萌出与脱落异常提示患者可能存在局部或全身性病因，以及存在影响其正常萌出和脱落的病理机制。牙齿萌出与脱落异常不仅影响儿童的咀嚼功能、咬合发育、颌面骨发育及美观，还可能是某些遗传病、全身性疾病的口腔表征。文章旨在系统梳理儿童牙齿萌出与脱落异常的复杂病因，深入探讨其病理机制，并结合当前临床诊疗实践，为临床医生提供儿童牙齿萌出与脱落异常的早期识别、精准诊断和综合治疗的参考依据。

关键词: 牙齿萌出, 牙齿脱落, 萌出与脱落异常, 遗传因素, 局部因素, 错??畸形