Abstract: Tooth eruption disorders represent a common oral health condition that can lead to malocclusion，adjacent tooth complications，among other issues. Their etiology is complex，posing significant challenges to precise diagnosis and treatment. Based on an etiological classification framework，this article systematically reviews the diagnostic and therapeutic advancements in primary，secondary，and syndromic tooth eruption disorders. Primary eruption disorders primarily stem from intrinsic defects in the eruption mechanism，typically exemplified by primary failure of eruption（PFE）associated with parathyroid hormone 1 receptor（PTH1R）gene mutations. The core management strategy is functional compensation，and orthodontic traction should be strictly avoided. Secondary eruption disorders are mostly caused by mechanical obstructions along the eruption path or systemic factors. Removing the obstruction or correcting systemic factors combined with orthodontic traction usually yields a favorable prognosis. Syndromic disorders are related to systemic genetic syndromes such as cleidocranial dysplasia and osteopetrosis，necessitating lifelong，sequential comprehensive management through multidisciplinary collaboration. By summarizing the molecular mechanisms，clinical features，and individualized treatment strategies for each category of eruption disorders，this article aims to promote a shift in clinical practice from empirical intervention to an evidence-based and precise management model，thereby improving long-term outcomes of patients. Future research should focus on further elucidating the molecular mechanisms，developing minimally invasive and targeted therapeutic technologies，and refining the multidisciplinary system of diagnosis and treatment.

Key words: tooth eruption disorders, etiological classification, clinical management

摘要： 牙齿萌出障碍是一种常见的口腔疾病，可导致牙列畸形、邻牙异常及颌骨病变等，其病因复杂，精准诊断与治疗面临显著挑战。文章基于病因学分类框架，系统阐述原发性、继发性及综合征性牙齿萌出障碍的诊疗进展。原发性萌出障碍主要源于萌出机制的内在缺陷，以与甲状旁腺激素1型受体（parathyroid hormone 1 receptor，PTH1R）基因突变相关的原发性萌出失败为代表，治疗核心是功能代偿，严格避免正畸牵引。继发性萌出障碍多因局部机械性阻挡或全身性因素，导致其萌出过程被阻断，移除局部障碍或纠正全身性阻碍因素，配合正畸牵引，通常预后良好。综合征性萌出障碍则与颅骨锁骨发育不全、骨硬化症等全身性遗传综合征相关，必须依靠多学科协作进行终身化、序列化的综合管理。通过梳理各类萌出障碍的分子机制、临床特征及个体化治疗策略，旨在推动临床实践从经验性干预向循证、精准的模式转变，以改善患者远期预后。未来研究需进一步揭示其分子机制，发展微创与靶向治疗技术，并完善多学科诊疗体系。

关键词: 牙齿萌出障碍, 病因学分类, 临床管理