Abstract: Viral infection-associated encephalopathy refers to a group of acute brain dysfunction syndromes that occur during or following viral infections，on which no unified international consensus currently exists.In recent years，with advances in the understanding of imaging and immunology，subtypes such as acute necrotizing encephalopathy（ANE）have been gradually recognized. These disorders share common mechanisms，including abnormal immune-inflammatory responses and disturbances in the cerebral microenvironment.In clinical practice，early identification is crucial，and supportive treatment typically involves immunomodulation，blood purification，and neuroprotection.Prognosis varies significantly among different subtypes. Based on the characteristics of pediatric cases， this review explores the pathogenesis，clinical features，imaging characteristics and treatment progress to increase efficiency in recognition and intervention.

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