关键词: 过敏原免疫疗法, 免疫耐受, 过敏原修饰

Abstract: Allergen-specificimmunotherapy（AIT） is the only treatment that can alter the course of allergic rhinitis，preventing the progression of rhinitis to asthma and reducing the need for medication. It is the only therapy that can induce long-term tolerance to allergens，but its traditional protocols are time-consuming and may be associated with adverse reactions. Over the past decade，many new types of AIT have been developed，focusing on optimizing allergen identification，structural modifications that preserve B or T cell epitopes，post-translational changes through chemical modifications，and the addition of adjuvants. These modified allergens can increase tolerance to other related allergens with fewer side effects. This article reviews the development of AIT，its mechanism of action，the modification of allergens，the application of adjuvants，the use of peptides and recombinant proteins，molecular engineering，bioinformatics and computer-aided design，the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the treatment of allergic diseases，as well as the importance of precision and individualized medical treatment. It discusses the strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of allergens through chemical modifications，to strengthen the immune response using different adjuvants，and to develop low molecular weight allergens. It emphasizes the importance of integrating research with clinical practice to advance the treatment for allergic diseases. The review also covers the progress of research on the potential of various new types of AIT to improve the treatment for allergic diseases.

Key words: allergen immunotherapy, immunological tolera-nce, allergen modification