Abstract: The mental nerve is an anatomical structure of great clinical significance because of its special position on the mandible and its complex variation. Reversible or irreversible damage to the mental nerve may occur during root canal treatment and endodontic microsurgery in the posterior mandibular region，or other procedures involving the mandible，resulting in postoperative complications. This article will introduce the variation of mental foramen and mental nerve，the related factors that lead to mental nerve injury and the management of mental nerve during surgery，in order to reduce postoperative complications.

Key words: mental nerve, mental foramen, endodontic microsurgery, nerve injury

摘要： 颏神经因其在下颌骨中的特殊位置，以及变异的复杂多样，是一个具有重大临床意义的解剖结构。在进行下颌后牙区根管治疗、显微根尖手术或其他涉及下颌骨的处置时，可能会造成颏神经可逆性或不可逆性的损伤，从而导致术后并发症。文章将介绍颏孔和颏神经的变异、导致颏神经损伤的相关因素，以及在手术中对颏神经的管理办法，旨在减少术后并发症的发生。

关键词: 颏神经, 颏孔, 显微根尖手术, 神经损伤