Abstract: Metabolism is the basic characteristics of life，influenced by multiple factors such as genetics，diet，sleep，exercise，environment，and diseases. The human body is composed of substances such as water，proteins，carbohydrates，fats，minerals，vitamins，and hormones. Under normal circumstances，these components undergo orderly anabolic and catabolic processes to sustain life and maintain health. Brain damage is a manifestation of various acute and chronic diseases. Abnormal mental behavior is often a primary or initial symptom of certain nutritional and metabolic disorders. Among acquired factors，common conditions such as vitamin deficiencies，amino acid deficiencies，fatty acid deficiencies，nutritional imbalances，and inflammatory diseases can lead to metabolic abnormalities. Among congenital factors，rare diseases such as inborn errors of metabolism （affecting amino acids，organic acids，and fatty acids） and mitochondrial disorders are recognized as the causes of mental and psychological diseases. Comprehensive diagnostic examinations such as blood and urine testing，electrocardiography，electroencephalography and imaging，chromosomography and genetic testing are helpful to analyze the causes and identify the underlying diseases An individualized diet，nutrition，exercise，adequate sleep，and proper lifestyle are key strategies to improve internal metabolic balance. The review expounds on the nutrients required by the human body and related metabolic diseases.

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摘要： 新陈代谢是生命的基本特征，受遗传、饮食、睡眠、运动、环境、疾病等多种因素影响。人体由水、蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪、矿物质、维生素和激素等物质构成，正常情况下有序地进行合成与分解代谢，维持生命和健康。脑损害是多种急性及慢性疾病的表现，精神行为异常常为某些营养代谢疾病的主要或初期症状。后天因素中，维生素缺乏、氨基酸缺乏、脂肪酸缺乏、营养失衡、炎症性疾病等常见病会导致代谢异常，先天因素中，氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸代谢病、线粒体病等罕见病是导致精神心理疾病的一类疾病，需要检验血、尿，进行心电图、脑电图及影像学、染色体、基因等检查来分析病因，发现潜在疾病。个体化饮食、营养、运动及良好的睡眠和生活管理是改善内环境代谢的主要策略。文章阐述了人体所需营养素及其相关代谢疾病。

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