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儿童及青少年初治甲状腺乳头状癌伴远处转移临床分析及列线图构建

何雨沁,王    凯,朱一鸣,王    健,陈默启,倪    松,刘绍严   

  1. 国家癌症中心  国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心  中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院头颈外科,北京100021
  • 出版日期:2021-08-01 发布日期:2021-08-10

  • Online:2021-08-01 Published:2021-08-10

摘要: 目的    探讨儿童及青少年甲状腺初治乳头状癌合并远处转移的高危因素,构建预测远处转移的列线图模型。方法    回顾性分析2000年3月至2018年12月就诊中国医学科学院肿瘤医院227例初治的儿童及青少年甲状腺乳头状癌病例,30例患儿初诊时合并远处转移,均为肺转移。根据术前影像学证据分为远处转移组(30例)和未远处转移组(197例),对比两组之间各项临床和病理指标差异。使用R studio软件构建远处转移预测列线图,使用Bootstrap法对列线图模型进行内部验证和外部验证。结果    远处转移与年龄、T分期、N分期、肿瘤大小、肿瘤多灶、甲状腺被膜外侵犯、淋巴结被膜外侵犯、淋巴结转移数>5枚、双侧颈侧区淋巴结转移、多区转移、Ⅶ区转移相关,多因素分析结果提示仅年龄(P=0.023)、双侧颈侧区淋巴结转移(P=0.032)、T分期(P=0.002)是远处转移的独立危险因素。列线图建模中远处转移危险因素包括年龄、双侧颈侧区淋巴结转移、T分期、淋巴结被膜外侵犯,一致性指数(concordance index,c-Index)为0.874。预测远处转移的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为90.0%、77.2%、37.5%、98.1%。内部验证所得c-Index为0.926,外部验证所得c-Index=0.961。结论    青春期前(≤14岁)、双侧颈侧区淋巴结转移、高T分期是远处转移的独立危险因素,提示这部分病人也许需要更积极的治疗方案。该列线图模型具有较好的预测能力并且具有稳定性,经过外部验证提示模型具有一定适用性。

关键词: 儿童, 青少年, 甲状腺癌, 远处转移

Abstract: Clinical analysis and nomogram construction of pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma with distant metastasis            HE Yu-qin*, WANG Kai*, ZHU Yi-ming, et al.Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
Corresponding author: LIU Shao-yan, E-mail: shaoyanliu.bj@263.net
HE Yu-qin and WANG Kai are the first authors who contributed equally to this article
Abstract    Objective    To investigate the high-risk factors of primarily treated papillary thyroid carcinoma with distant metastasis in children and adolescents, and construct a nomogram model to predict distant metastasis. Methods    A total of 227 cases of pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma (pPTC) who underwent primarily treated at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from March 2000 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty patients with distant metastases at the first diagnosed, all of them were pulmonary metastases. According to the preoperative imaging, the patients were divided into the distant-metastasis group (n=30) and the non-distant-metastasis group (n=197). The differences in clinical and pathological variates between the two groups were analyzed. R studio software was used to construct the nomogram model to predict distant metastasis. The Bootstrap method was used to verify the nomogram model internally and externally. Results    Distant metastasis is related to age, T stage, N stage, tumor size, multilocal tumor, extrathyroidal extension, extranodal extension, the number of lymph node metastasis (more than 5), bilateral lymph node metastasis, multi-node metastasis and Ⅶ node metastasis. The results of the multivariate analysis suggested that only the age (P=0.023), bilateral cervical lymph node metastasis (P=0.032), and T stage (P=0.002) were independent risk factors for distant metastasis. The risk factors of distant metastasis in nomogram modeling include age, bilateral cervical lymph node metastasis, T stage and extranodal extension. The concordance index (c-Index) of the nomogram was 0.874. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the nomogram were 90%, 77.2%, 37.5%, and 98.1%, respectively. The internally verified and the externally verified c-Index is 0.926 and 0.961, respectively. Conclusion    In pPTC cases, prepubertal patients (≤14 years old), bilateral cervical lymph node metastasis, or T3-4 stage were independent risk factors for distant metastasis, suggesting that patients who had these factors may need aggressive treatment. The prediction of this nomogram model has good predictive ability and stability. External verification suggests that the model has a certain applicability.

Key words: children, adolescents, thyroid cancer, distant metastasis