关键词: 引导骨再生, 不利型骨缺损, 膜支撑策略, 空间维持, 垂直骨增量

Abstract: Guided bone regeneration constitutes a cornerstone technique for addressing alveolar bone insufficiency in oral implantation，and its success critically depends on the stable establishment of a regenerative microenvironment，especially space‑maintenance capacity. With the continuous expansion of implant indications，the proportion of unfavorable bone defects，encompassing vertical defects，combined horizontal‑vertical defects，and anterior aesthetic zone deficiencies，has increased substantially，thereby imposing formidable challenges on the spatial support capacity of guided bone regeneration modalities. Although resorbable collagen membranes possess favorable biocompatibility and operative convenience，their intrinsic biomechanical limitation，namely，precipitous early‑phase degradation in tensile strength，precludes effective counteraction of protracted soft tissue compression throughout the months‑long bone healing cascade，causing regenerative compartment collapse，particularly in vertical augmentation. Non‑resorbable membranes，represented by titanium mesh and high‑density polytetrafluoroethylene membranes，have emerged as indispensable methods in tackling unfavorable bone defects because of their superior mechanical rigidity and sustained spatial stability. This review begins with an exposition of the biological foundations of guided bone regeneration and the PASS principles，proceeds to systematically delineate the standardized clinical workflow and the distinctive resorption patterns inherent to routine guided bone regeneration，and provides an in‑depth analysis of the supportive inadequacies of resorbable membranes in complex situations. In addition，the article gives emphasis to the introduction of the application strategies，clinical performance，and complication management of membrane‑supporting guided bone regeneration in vertical and combined defects. Finally，a prospect is made on the development trend of the techologies including digitalization and biofunctionalization，with the aim of providing references for clinical decision‑making.

Key words: guided bone regeneration, unfavorable bone defects, membrane-supporting strategy, space maintenance, vertical bone augmentation