中国实用口腔科杂志 ›› 2023, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (5): 585-588.DOI: 10.19538/j.kq.2023.05.015

• 口腔健康流行病学调查专栏 • 上一篇    下一篇

我国成年人牙齿缺失与修复需求情况及其影响因素分析

刘若迎,张珊珊,司    燕,郑树国   

  1. 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔预防科,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔生物材料和数字诊疗装备国家工程研究中心,北京  100081
  • 出版日期:2023-09-30 发布日期:2023-11-02

  • Online:2023-09-30 Published:2023-11-02

摘要: 目的    分析我国成年人牙齿缺失及修复需求情况,并探索相关影响因素,为我国成年人牙齿缺失的防治工作提供数据支持。方法    研究于2022年6月至2023年1月在北京大学口腔医学院预防科教研室进行。采用2015年第四次全国口腔健康流行病学调查中成年人35 ~ 44岁、55 ~ 64岁、65 ~ 74岁年龄组数据,纳入包含前牙、前磨牙、第一磨牙和第二磨牙在内的28颗牙的调查数据。经分层后加权处理,分析缺失牙数、缺牙率、存留牙不足20颗、存留牙不足8颗等牙齿缺失情况,以及人均残根数、人均修复需求牙数、修复需求人群比例等修复需求情况;并对可能的影响因素(包括:社会人口因素、口内因素、口腔健康知信行因素、口腔卫生服务利用因素、口腔及全身情况自我评价因素等)进行分析。结果    35 ~ 44岁、55 ~ 64岁、65 ~ 74岁年龄组调查人数分别为4410、4623、4431人,共13 464人。所有数据加权处理后,我国成年人缺牙率为56.9%,人均缺失牙数3.28颗,存留牙不足20颗的人群比例为11.8%,存留牙不足8颗的人群比例为3.5%;人均修复需求牙数3.86颗,修复需求人群占比59.2%。随着年龄的增大,缺牙率、人均缺失牙数、残根数、修复需求牙数、修复需求人群比例均增加。35 ~ 44岁、55 ~ 64岁、65 ~ 74岁年龄组修复需求人群比例(33.9%、69.5%、83.9%)均高于同年龄组的缺牙率(32.4%、66.3%、81.7%)。分析各年龄组不同性别、城乡的调查对象发现,55 ~ 64岁年龄组男性调查对象的部分牙齿缺失相关指标较女性差,而35 ~ 44岁年龄组的男性调查对象修复需求牙数及修复需求人群比例小于女性,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。相对于农村,高年龄(55 ~ 64岁、65 ~ 74岁)组城市调查对象的部分牙齿缺失和修复需求相关指标均较佳,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。31个省、直辖市、自治区中,西藏自治区人均缺失牙数[(6.51 ± 7.98)颗]及缺牙率(76.7%)均相对较高,湖南省人均缺失牙数[(2.20 ± 4.34)颗]及缺牙率(45.5%)相对较低;西藏自治区人均修复需求牙数[(7.88 ± 8.60)颗]及修复需求人群比例(81.8%)均相对较高,内蒙古自治区人均修复需求牙数[(2.36 ± 5.32)颗]及修复需求人群比例(35.7%)相对较低。与缺牙率及修复需求相关的独立危险因素包括:高年龄、受教育程度低、有附着丧失、全身健康状况自我评价好、口腔健康状况自我评价差;此外,农村、少数民族、家庭人均收入低还是影响修复需求的独立危险因素(均P < 0.05)。结论    我国成年人牙齿缺失形势严峻,应着眼于少数民族、农村、受教育程度低、家庭经济状况较差的老年人群体。建议加强口腔卫生宣教,改善老年人口腔健康知信行状况,完善老年人牙体修复治疗相关医保制度体系,以提高天然牙存留率。

关键词: 牙齿缺失, 缺牙率, 修复需求, 口腔流行病学

Abstract: Objective    To evaluate the prevalence of missing teeth and the restoration needs in Chinese adults,and to explore the influencing factors in order to provide data support for the prevention and treatment of missing teeth in Chinese adults. Methods    The study was conducted in the Department of Prevention,Peking University School of Stomatology,from June 2022 to January 2023. The data of 35-44,55-64 and 65-74 years old adults were selected from the 4th National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey for further analysis. Data on 28 teeth including anterior,premolar,first and second molars were included. After stratification and weighted processing,the number of missing teeth per capita,prevalence of missing teeth,the proportion of people with less than 20 remaining teeth,the proportion of people with less than 8 remaining teeth,the number of residual roots per capita,the number of teeth with restoration needs per capita,and the proportion of people with restoration needs were analyzed. The possible influencing factors,including socio-demographic factors,oral factors,oral health factors,oral health service utilization factors and self-evaluation factors of oral and general conditions were evaluated. Results    There were 4410,4623 and 4431 persons in the age groups of 35-44,55-64 and 65-74 years old respectively,totally 13 464 persons. After a weighted processing,the prevalence of missing teeth in Chinese adults was about 56.9%,the number of missing teeth per adult was 3.28,the proportion of people with less than 20 remaining teeth was 11.8%,the proportion of people with less than 8 remaining teeth was 3.5%,the number of teeth needing restoration per capita was 3.86,and the proportion of people with restoration needs was 59.2%. With the increase of age,the prevalence of missing teeth,the number of missing teeth,the number of residual roots,the number of teeth with restoration needs and the proportion of people with restoration needs increased. In the age groups of 35-44,55-64 and 65-74 years old,the proportion of people with restoration needs(33.9%,69.5%,83.9%)was higher than the prevalence of missing teeth in the same age group(32.4%,66.3%,81.7%). Analysis of different gender,urban and rural respondents of different age groups revealed that,in the age group of 55-64 years old,some related indexes of tooth loss in male were worse than those in female;in the age group of 35-44 years old,the number of teeth with restoration needs and the proportion of people with restoration needs in male were less than those of the women,and the difference was statistically significant(all P < 0.05). Compared with rural areas,the indexes related to the missing teeth and the restoration needs in urban areas were better in advanced age group(55-64 years old,65-74 years old),the difference being statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The number of missing teeth per capita(6.51 ± 7.98)and the prevalence of missing teeth(76.7%) were relatively high in Tibetan Autonomous Region,while the number of missing teeth per capita(2.20 ± 4.34)and the prevalence of missing teeth(45.5%)were relatively low in Hunan Province. The number of teeth with restoration needs per capita(7.88 ± 8.60)and the proportion of people with restoration needs(81.8%)in Tibetan Autonomous Region were relatively high,while the number of teeth with restoration needs per capita(2.36 ± 5.32)and the proportion of people with restoration needs(35.7%)were relatively low in Inner Mongolia. Independent factors associated with the prevalence of missing teeth and the the proportion of people with restoration needs included:advanced age,low education level,attachment loss,good self-assessment of general health status and poor self-assessment of oral health status (P < 0.05). In addition,rural areas,ethnic minority and low family income percapita were independent risk factors influencing the restoration needs (P < 0.05). Conclusion    The situation of tooth loss is severe in Chinese adults. We should focus on the ethnic minority,rural areas,less educated and economically disadvantaged of the elderly. We should strengthen oral health education,improve the oral health status of the elderly,and improve the medical insurance system related to teeth restoration of the elderly in order to increase the rate of preserving natural teeth.

Key words: missing teeth, rate of missing teeth, restoration needs, oral epidemiology