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06 June 2018, Volume 33 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Vaccination during pregnancy YAO Kai-hu，SHI Wei 2018, 33(6): 401-405.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060601 Abstract ( )   Maternal immunization can protect the pregnant woman，fetus，and the neonates from vaccine-preventable infections. Maternal immunoglobulin G is actively transported across the placenta，providing passive immunity for the fetus and the infant. Currently，the tetanus toxoid，acellular pertussis vaccine，and the inactivated influenza vaccine are recommended in pregnancy. Live-virus vaccines are not recommended for the women in pregnancy. The safety and efficacy of several other vaccines including pneumococcus，meningococcus，group B streptococcus，hepatitis，and poliovirus are under research. More infection will be prevented by vaccination during pregnancy in the future.

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Adolescent vaccination WANG Wen-jian，YU Ding-le 2018, 33(6): 405-409.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060602 Abstract ( )   Vaccination is the safest and most effective way to protect children from infection；effective preventive health care measures can promote safe behavior and develop life-long health habits. Global immunization efforts to date have heavily focused on infants and children，few people pay enough attention to adolescent vaccination. Internationally，the adolescent immunization schedule has expanded to more than 10 vaccines including meningococcal conjugate vaccine，tetanus，diphtheria，acellular pertussis，absorbed vaccine，human papillomavirus vaccine，and in?uenza vaccine，et al. Doctors and School nurses should master the latest information of vaccine schedules and the necessity for vaccination，which is a valuable tool in increasing vaccination rates among adolescents.

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Epidemiology and strategies in prevention and treatment of influenza in children DENG Ji-kui，ZHANG Rui-mu 2018, 33(6): 409-413.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060603 Abstract ( )   Up to 650 000 deaths annually are associated with respiratory diseases from seasonal influenza，indicating the high burden of influenza and its substantial social cost to the world. The incidence of Influenza is high among children. Vaccine and antiviral medicine can both prevent influenza，and health education is always neglected. Neuraminidase inhibitor remains the main antiviral drug. During the management of influenza infections，doctors should pay great attention to its complications，especially pneumonia and encephalopathy.

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Antiviral therapy for children with chronic hepatitis B HU Yao，YU Hui 2018, 33(6): 413-418.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060604 Abstract ( )   Hepatitis B virus（HBV） infection has been a big threat to global public health. Mother-to-child transmission becomes the main route of HBV transmission with the popularity of HBV vaccination and standardization of iatrogenic operation. Infection in the perinatal period or childhood will develop to chronic HBV infection easily，which is the main source of chronic hepatitis B（CHB）. The key treatment for children with CHB is antiviral treatment，which is the same with that for adults. Antiviral treatment for children with CHB is uncertain at present due to children’s growth and development，and the antiviral drug selection is limited. The research progress of antiviral therapy for children with CHB were reviewed in this paper.

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Global disease burden and new therapeutic strategy of respiratory syncytial virus infection YANG Nan，SHANG Yun-xiao 2018, 33(6): 418-423.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060605 Abstract ( )   Respiratory syncytial virus（RSV） infection was an important cause of acute lower respiratory infection in children under 5 years of age and one of the leading causes of mortality in children under 1 year of age worldwide. It may not only aggravate existing chronic respiratory diseases，but also cause long-term sequelaes such as recurrent wheezing. It was a heavy burden on children’s health problems globally. In clinic，there were few choices for the prevention or treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Many kinds of drugs were still in clinical trials. This review is intended to outline the current situation of RSV infection in the world，long-term influence on respiratory system of children and new advances in the prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection.

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Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in children LIU Er-yong*，LI Hui-min，ZHAO Shun-ying，et al 2018, 33(6): 423-426.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060606 Abstract ( )   In 2014，a total of 359 000 cases of tuberculosis（0-14 years old） in children were reported worldwide，accounting for 6.5 percent of the registered TB cases. According to China’s research data in 2013，the PPD positive（≥10 mm）rate of children aged 5 to 15 in different TB epidemic areas was 8.09% to 21.26%. In 2015，6 861 cases of tuberculosis in children were reported nationwide，with a incidence of 3.03/100 000. In 2014，the national TB mortality rate among children aged 0 to 14 was 0.12/100 000. The diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis should be based on a comprehensive assessment of evidence such as contact history，clinical examination and related examinations. The principles of childhood TB treatment are the same as those of adults. At present the state council issued a national tuberculosis control program，put forward to improve the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in children，to provide technical training to pediatricians on TB control，and to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of childhood tuberculosis.

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Several  emergency  and  re-emerging  infectious  diseases XU Yi 2018, 33(6): 426-430.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060607 Abstract ( )   Emergency and re-emerging infectious diseases are a significant burden on public health and economic stability of societies all over the world. The threat posed by infectious diseases is further deepened by the continued emergence of new，unrecognized, and old emergency infectious disease epidemics of global impact. Emergency and Re-emerging Infectious diseases are characterized by sudden outbreak and rapid spread among the general population with high susceptibility. There are a variety of pathogens，but the virus is the most common. One of the remarkable characteristics is zoonotic. This review presents current updates on the diagnosis，treatment，prevention and basic research of Zika virus, Enterovirus D68，severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and Dengue fever.

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Current status of pulmonary surfactant in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome LI Ke-chun，QIAN Su-yun，ZENG Jian-sheng 2018, 33(6): 431-434.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060608 Abstract ( )   Pulmonary surfactant（PS） is one of the treatments for acute respiratory distress syndrome（ARDS），but the curative effect is still unsure. The results of current studies indicate that different kinds，doses and delivery methods of PS may affect the outcomes. This paper makes a review of the current status of PS in the treatment of ARDS.

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Relationship between late-onset sepsis and encephalopathy of prematurity in preterm infants with gestational age ＜32 weeks LIN Jie，ZHANG Ke，HU Lan，et al 2018, 33(6): 435-439.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060609 Abstract ( )   Objective　To explore whether late-onset sepsis（LOS） is associated with an increased risk of encephalopathy of prematurity in preterm infants with gestational age＜32 weeks. Methods　Four hundred preterm infants with gestational age＜32 weeks who were admitted to our hospital from January 1st，2013 to December 31st，2014 underwent magnetic resonance imaging at term-equivalent age. All the perinatal data were collected prospectively. The infants were divided into different groups based on different type of sepsis. Results　Of 400 preterm infants，79（19.8%） had LOS，of whom 45（11.3%） were positive in blood culture. Coagulase-negative staphylococci was the commonest pathogen of postnatal infection（33.3%）. According to the result of magnetic resonance imaging，133（28.2%） preterm infants had encephalopathy of prematurity. Compared with non-sepsis group，infants in LOS group had significantly higher risk to have encephalopathy of prematurity（36.7% vs. 26.2%，OR＝1.759，95% CI：1.033～2.997，P＝0.038）. Conclusion　Preterm infants with LOS have greater risks of developing encephalopathy of prematurity，which indicates that LOS might be a risk factor of encephalopathy of prematurity.

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Association of ALOX5 gene polymorphisms in promoter with susceptibility to asthma and effect of LTRA in children LIAO Shi-e*，WEI Bing，LI Wan-ying，et al 2018, 33(6): 440-444.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060610 Abstract ( )   Objective　To study the relationship of -1708 SNP and the repeat sequence polymorphism of Sp1/Egr1 binding site of -176/-147 in the promoter region of ALOX5 with the susceptibility to asthma，clinical characteristics and LTRA effects. Methods　A total of 243 children with asthma in the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command from October 2016 to January 2018 were selected as case group and 228 non-asthmatic children as control group. Polymerase chain reactions（PCRs） and sequencing methods were used to classify the ALOX5 -1708 and Sp1/Egr1 binding sites. The clinical characteristics were collected，and the anti-asthma treatments were given， the gene polymorphisms，clinical characteristics and the effects of LTRA were analyzed. Results　（1）The frequency of non 5/5 genotype of -176/-147 in case group was significantly higher than that in control group（OR＝1.485， 95%CI＝1.018-2.167，χ2＝4.225， P＝0.040）. （2）The frequency of G/A+A/A and G/A in the moderate and severe groups was both significantly higher than that in the mild group（χ2＝4.832， 4.565， P＝0.028， 0.033），the 4/6 genotype frequency in the moderate and severe group was lower than that of the 5/5 genotype，while the 5/6 genotype frequency was higher than that of the 5/5 genotype，the differences being statistically significant（χ2＝3.643，3.888，P＝0.056，0.049）. Conclusions　The polymorphism of ALOX5 Sp1/Egr1 binding site repeat sequence may be related to the incidence and severity of asthma，allergy，family history and LTRA effect in children. The polymorphism of ALOX5 -1708 may be related to the severity of asthma，lung function and effect of LTRA.

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Epidemiological features of human bocavirus in children with respiratory tract infection TAN Jia-hong，JI Wei，ZHANG Xin-xing，et al 2018, 33(6): 445-448.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060611 Abstract ( )   Objective　To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human bocavirus（HBoV） infection in children with respiratory tract diseases，and to provide scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods　Sputum specimens and clinical informations of 16 913 cases of hospitalized children with respiratory tract diseases from January 2009 to December 2016 in Children’s Hospital of Soochow University were collected. HBoV DNA was detected by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction at real time to analyze the detections. Results　The HBoV detection rate was 5.16%（873/16 913 cases） in 16 913 children. The HBoV detection rate of boys was 5.42%（573/10 566 cases），which was significantly higher than that of girls［4.73%（300/6 347 cases），χ2＝3.928，P＝0.047］. The HBoV detection rate of children at the age of less than 1 year old，-3 years old，-7 years old and older than 7 years old were 4.03%，8.75%，3.99% and 1.29%，respectively，the difference of which had statistical significance（χ2＝182.075，P＜0.01）. The HBoV detection rate in spring, summer，autumn and winter were 3.36%（146/4341 cases），6.92%（295/4261 cases），6.88%（287/4172 cases） and 3.50%（145/4139 cases），respectively. The HBoV detection rate in summer and autumn was significantly higher than that in spring and winter（χ2＝93.801，P＜0.01）. Conclusions　The HBoV detection rate in children with respiratory tract diseases is 5.16% in Suzhou area from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2016. The highest HBoV detection rate is high in infant，especially in boys. Epidemical seasons of HBoV infection in Suzhou are summer and autumn.

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Etiological analysis of 483 cases of severe pneumonia in Children’s Hospital of Soochow University from 2012 to 2015 DING Lin，JI Wei，ZHANG Xin-xing 2018, 33(6): 449-452.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060612 Abstract ( )

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Epidemiological characteristics of  rotavirus diarrhea  in  children  under 5 years of age 2018, 33(6): 453-456.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060613 Abstract ( )

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Thrombelastogram and the diagnosis of trauma-induced coagulopathy LI Ji-ru，WANG Li-jie 2018, 33(6): 457-462.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060614 Abstract ( )

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Research progress in hypothermia treatment for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates WU Dong-xue，MA Jian-rong 2018, 33(6): 463-467.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060615 Abstract ( )

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Genetic pathogenesis and the progress in the diagnosis and treatment of congetinal glucokinase hyperinsulinism ZHANG Wei，SANG Yan-mei 2018, 33(6): 468-472.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060616 Abstract ( )

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Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis secondary to lysinuric protein intolerance WANG Bi-yu，CAO Ling 2018, 33(6): 473-477.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060617 Abstract ( )

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Report of two cases of Prader-Willi syndrome in infants QUAN Ying-yu，ZHANG Jing，FENG Xiao-wei 2018, 33(6): 478-480.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2018060618 Abstract ( )