Pneumonia is a common respiratory disease among children and is also one of the important causes of death in children under the age of 5.In the new stage of controlling the spread of the SARS-Cov-2 infection，as the epidemic situation changes and non-pharmaceutical prevention measures are importanted，the epidemiological trend of pathogenicity of severe pneumonia in children has undergone significant changes.This article analyzes and summarizes relevant domestic and foreign literature and clinical studies.We hope that clinicians can recognize the importance of respiratory pathogen monitoring, make adjustment of diagnosis and treatment methods for severe pneumonia in children，and especially,have a new understanding of the value of preventive measures such as vaccination.

childhood pneumonia, respiratory disease, pathogenic microorganisms

肺炎是儿童常见的呼吸道疾病，也是导致5岁以下儿童死亡的重要原因之一。在新型冠状病毒感染防控新阶段，随着其流行状况改变以及非药物防控措施的实施，儿童重症肺炎的病原学流行趋势也发生了显著的变迁。该文分析总结了国内外相关文献和临床研究，希望能让临床医生认识到呼吸道病原学监测的重要性，以及做出对儿童重症肺炎诊治方式的调整，特别是对预防措施如疫苗接种的价值有一个新的认识。

儿童肺炎, 呼吸道疾病, 病原微生物