关键词: 胰腺癌, 肿瘤疫苗, 新抗原, 疗效评价, 临床试验

Abstract: Tumor vaccines activate T cell-mediated immunity by targeting pancreatic cancer-associated antigens or neoantigens and have become a research focus. Current strategies include mRNA vaccines, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, peptide vaccines, and whole-cell vaccines. Personalized mRNA vaccines can rapidly encode patient-specific neoantigens, inducing durable CD8⁺ T cell responses; fixed-target mRNA vaccines directed against KRAS mutations have demonstrated favorable immunogenicity. DC vaccines load tumor antigens to activate both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells; when combined with chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors, they can modulate the tumor microenvironment and enable partial conversion to resectable disease. Peptide vaccines targeting antigens such as MUC1 and WT1 have shown limited efficacy; whole-cell vaccines (e.g., GVAX), in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition or stereotactic radiotherapy, hold promise for enhanced antitumor activity. Efficacy assessment requires integration of overall survival, progression-free survival, recurrence-free survival, and immunological biomarkers. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and low response rates in pancreatic cancer remain major challenges. Future directions should optimize antigen selection, adjuvants, and combination regimens, while leveraging artificial intelligence to improve neoantigen prediction, thereby providing new avenues for clinical application of tumor vaccines in pancreatic cancer.

Key words: pancreatic cancer, tumor vaccine, neoantigen, efficacy evaluation, clinical trial