Abstract: The oral microbiome plays an important role in the process of human growth and disease. Microbes will be colonized in different parts of the mouth，forming biomembrane structure to resist the invasion of external adverse stimulation. At the same time，dysbacteriosis also increases the risk of oral diseases and even systemic diseases. Dental caries is the most common oral disease，and young children are the most susceptible to dental caries，which has become a common public health problem for preschool children all over the world. This paper summarizes the latest research progress of oral microorganisms，and further introduces the changes of the structure of children's oral microflora in various stages of growth and development，as well as the characteristics of the dynamic changes of the microflora before and after caries，from which the microbial markers related to caries were identified. In addition，in terms of mechanism，this paper discusses the factors influencing the formation of microbial biofilm and colonization of microorganisms in oral cavity，such as extracellular matrix，and expounds the possible mechanism of key bacteria interfering with host immunity，such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. In a word，this paper identifies the significance and application prospects of using microbial membrane as a target in future prevention and treatment of dental caries.

Key words: primary caries, oral microbiome, metagenome

摘要： 口腔中的微生物组在人类生长发育、疾病发生过程中扮演着重要角色。微生物在口腔的不同部位定植，形成生物膜结构，抵抗外部不良刺激的侵入。同时，菌群失调也增加了口腔疾病乃至全身性疾病的风险。龋齿是最常见的口腔疾病，低龄儿童最易发生，已成为全球学龄前儿童普遍存在的公共卫生问题。文章总结了人类口腔微生物组的最新研究进展，进一步介绍了儿童口腔菌群结构在生长发育各阶段的变化，以及患龋前后的菌群动态变化特征，并从中找到龋齿相关的微生物标志物。另外，从机制上探讨了微生物在口腔中形成生物膜并定植的影响因素（如细胞外基质），阐述了关键细菌（如牙龈卟啉单胞菌）干预宿主免疫的可能机制。综上，文章确定了以微生物膜为靶标，在未来预防和治疗龋齿的意义和应用前景。

关键词: 儿童龋齿, 口腔微生物组, 宏基因组