关键词: 牙齿萌出障碍, 病因学分类, 临床管理

Abstract: Tooth eruption disorders represent a common oral health condition that can lead to malocclusion，adjacent tooth complications，among other issues. Their etiology is complex，posing significant challenges to precise diagnosis and treatment. Based on an etiological classification framework，this article systematically reviews the diagnostic and therapeutic advancements in primary，secondary，and syndromic tooth eruption disorders. Primary eruption disorders primarily stem from intrinsic defects in the eruption mechanism，typically exemplified by primary failure of eruption（PFE）associated with parathyroid hormone 1 receptor（PTH1R）gene mutations. The core management strategy is functional compensation，and orthodontic traction should be strictly avoided. Secondary eruption disorders are mostly caused by mechanical obstructions along the eruption path or systemic factors. Removing the obstruction or correcting systemic factors combined with orthodontic traction usually yields a favorable prognosis. Syndromic disorders are related to systemic genetic syndromes such as cleidocranial dysplasia and osteopetrosis，necessitating lifelong，sequential comprehensive management through multidisciplinary collaboration. By summarizing the molecular mechanisms，clinical features，and individualized treatment strategies for each category of eruption disorders，this article aims to promote a shift in clinical practice from empirical intervention to an evidence-based and precise management model，thereby improving long-term outcomes of patients. Future research should focus on further elucidating the molecular mechanisms，developing minimally invasive and targeted therapeutic technologies，and refining the multidisciplinary system of diagnosis and treatment.

Key words: tooth eruption disorders, etiological classification, clinical management