Hyperglycemia in pregnancy （HIP） is a multifactorial heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by carbohydrate metabolism disturbances and represents one of the most common complications during pregnancy. According to the current updated classification criteria，HIP can be primarily categorized into pre-gestational diabetes mellitus （PGDM），gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM），and prediabetes. The classification is based on etiology，pathogenesis，clinical manifestations，and laboratory findings. Different types of HIP exhibit significant differences in clinical phenotypes，therapeutic responses，and risk of complications. Mastering the classification and characteristics of HIP is essential for developing personalized treatment plans，improving therapeutic efficacy，and providing a scientific basis for disease prevention，epidemiological studies，and prognosis evaluation.

During pregnancy，a series of adaptive metabolic changes occur in the mother to meet the needs of fetal growth and development，mainly manifested as physiological insulin resistance. When various pathological factors cause an exacerbation of maternal insulin resistance or insufficient insulin secretion，it can lead to the occurrence of GDM in pregnant women with no previous history of diabetes，and also aggravate the abnormal glucose metabolism in pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes. In addition，hyperglycemia during pregnancy can also exacerbate the abnormal metabolic changes in the mother. This article will explore the impact of metabolic changes during pregnancy on hyperglycemia in pregnancy，helping readers understand the mechanisms of hyperglycemia in pregnancy from the perspectives of pregnancy physiology and pathology，and guiding clinical practice.

Maternal hyperglycemia damages gamete quality and embryo development，increasing the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pre-pregnancy assessment for women with diabetes helps improve pregnancy outcomes. By controlling pre-pregnancy blood glucose levels，conducting multidisciplinary consultations and pregnancy risk assessments for diabetes-related complications，and implementing individualized medical nutrition therapy and lifestyle management，pregnancy health management can be optimized，thereby improving maternal and fetal health.

Pregestational diabetes mellitus （PGDM），characterized by a diabetic state present in women before pregnancy，has become increasingly prevalent among women of childbearing age due to contemporary lifestyle changes. PGDM not only impacts maternal health but also significantly influences physiological metabolism and fetal development during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the effects of PGDM on pregnancy complications and maternal and fetal outcomes，and to provide theoretical basis for pregnancy management in PGDM population.

Hyperglycemia in pregnancy（HIP） has a profound impact on the long-term health of the mother and the fetus. HIP not only significantly increases the risk of complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes during pregnancy，but also poses a threat to maternal metabolism，cardiovascular health，and the risk of subsequent pregnancies in the long term. At the same time，fetal development in a high-glucose intrauterine environment may lead to metabolic disorders，obesity，cardiovascular diseases，and many other health problems that will continue into adulthood and even into the next generation. Standardized testing and management of blood glucose levels play a key role in reducing adverse long-term outcomes for mothers and children. Strengthening blood glucose monitoring during pregnancy and the postpartum period，along with interventions of diet，exercise and medication，is extremely important for forming a complete management system to optimize the health of mothers and infants.

Hyperglycemia in pregnancy(HIP) is one of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy. Prolonged exposure to high levels of blood glucose is associated with adverse short- and long-term outcomes for both mothers and fetuses. Current management strategies for HIP mainly include health education，nutritional diet，exercise guidance，blood glucose monitoring and drug therapy. Blood glucose monitoring based on individualized diet and exercise helps to assess glycemic control in pregnant women and prevent hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The risk of maternal and fetal complications can be lowered through controlling blood glucose within the target range，thus improving pregnancy outcomes. At present，common methods of blood glucose monitoring include venous blood glucose monitoring，capillary blood glucose monitoring，and continuous blood glucose monitoring. This review will focus on the strategies for blood glucose monitoring in HIP，aiming to provide reference for clinical practice.

Hyperglycemia in pregnancy （HIP） is the most common complication in pregnancy, and its incidence is increasing year by year. Inadequate management of HIP is confirmed to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as macrosomia，delivery by cesarean section，preterm labor and preeclampsia，and the risk of maternal and fetal metabolic syndrome in the long term is also increased. Lifestyle intervention is the cornerstone of managing HIP，and nutritional exercise therapy is an important part of it. This article addresses the application of nutritional exercise therapy in HIP.

Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) is a common complication during pregnancy. Drug therapy plays a crucial role in the management of HIP. This article reviews the current status of drug therapy for HIP，with a focus on the clinical application of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents，including the administration regimens of different insulin formulations，as well as the application of glibenclamide，metformin，and acarbose in HIP treatment.

Glycemic management during the peripartum period and labor is critical for maternal and neonatal health，especially in cases of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Blood glucose fluctuations can lead to adverse outcomes such as neonatal hypoglycemia，intrapartum complications，and an increased rate of cesarean section. Therefore，individualized blood glucose monitoring and intervention strategies are the key to optimizing management. Insulin remains the primary intervention，and precise adjustments help maintain stable blood glucose levels and reduce perinatal risks. Future developments should focus on enhancing personalized management through new technologies，such as continuous blood glucose monitoring and artificial intelligence-based prediction models，while balancing intervention effectiveness with potential adverse effects to ensure better health outcomes for both mother and baby.

Diabetic ketoacidosis （DKA） in pregnancy is a serious complication during pregnancy. It can be life-threatening for both mothers and fetuses if not promptly recognized and managed. This article discusses the pathogenesis of DKA in pregnancy，its effect on mothers and fetuses， the recognition and management of DKA in pregnancy and the management during pregnancy.