To clarify the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth (PB) and septic abortion (sab) in Gifu prefecture in Japan.This prospective, population-based cohort study was approved by our hospital's Institutional Review Board. All 36 hospitals (100%) in Gifu prefecture offering obstetrical services participated in the study. Patient enrollment criteria were: sab and PB from 22 to <37weeks gestation (WG), excluding for maternal and fetal indications. Pathological examinations before 36 WG and associated factors for both PB and chorioamnionitis (CAM) stage 3 were analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis judging from minimum daily clinical information in Gifu prefecture.The sab rate per all deliveries was 29/16871 (0.17%) at 16.9±2.9 WG. The total spontaneous PB rate was 615/16871 (3.65%) at 34.5±2.7 WG, with birth weight (BW) 2267±557g. There were 26 (0.15%) PBs from 22+0 to 27+6 WG (weeks+days) at 25.2±1.5 WG, with BW 745±199g. Among 214 pathological examinations, CAM was detected in 80% (sab) and 63% (PB<36 WG), respectively. Funisitis were 14% and 17% respectively. Episodes of serial genital bleeding and/or hematoma at <12 WG were more frequent in sab and earlier PB (<28 WG) associated with CAM stage 3 (odds 1.9, P<0.0001). Combined factors such as bleeding and past history of CAM correlated with earlier delivery at 23.4±5.9 WG (P=0.0032).In Gifu prefecture, the incidence of sab was 0.17% (per all deliveries) and 3.65% of spontaneous PB. The combined risk of past CAM history and bleeding was associated with earlier delivery among total preterm birth.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Obstetricians are sometimes faced with a dilemma in that polypectomy, which is a prerequisite for differentiating malignancy, may be associate with miscarriage or preterm delivery. We describe a case with a decidual polyp resulted in first trimester miscarriage after diagnostic polypectomy. Our experience with this patient provides us important information for clinical practice. That is, decidual polyp can be recognized as early as gestational week 5, the roots of cervical polyps should be meticulously observed, a polyp connected to the decidua is suggestive finding of decidual polyp, and suspected decidual polyp can be managed conservatively.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Problem:  We investigated whether cervical shortening and high interleukin (IL)‐8 in cervical mucus were valuable indications for treatment to prevent premature birth and preterm, pre‐labor rupture of membranes (pPROM).

To clarify which types of cervical polyp removed during the first and second trimester are associated with the risk of spontaneous abortion and preterm delivery.Pregnant females who underwent attempted polypectomy of cervical polyps during pregnancy and delivered singleton infants between 2005 and 2011 were evaluated. The clinical courses and outcomes of preterm delivery after polypectomy stratified according to the pathologic diagnosis of the polyps were retrospectively reviewed. The removed polyps were classified into decidual polyps and endocervical polyps.The pathological diagnoses included 41 decidual polyps and 42 endocervical polyps. No malignant polyps were found. The removal of decidual polyps during pregnancy carried a higher risk of spontaneous abortion (12.2% versus 0%, p = 0.026) and preterm delivery (34.2% versus 4.8%, p = 0.001) than that of endocervical polyps. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, risk factors for preterm delivery before 37 weeks' gestation were the presence of decidual polyps and a history of preterm delivery.The risk of abortion and preterm delivery associated with polypectomy during pregnancy is greater in patients with decidual polyps. It might be safer not to remove cervical polyps during pregnancy, except in cases in which the polyps are suspected to be malignant.

目的 探讨妊娠期子宫颈息肉摘除患者的妊娠结局。方法 选择2002年1月至2016年10月在北医三院定期产检妊娠合并宫颈息肉的孕妇92例,其中初产妇81例(88.0%),经产妇11例(12.0%)。对孕妇年龄、症状、初诊孕周、孕期合并症、手术时液基波层细胞学检查(TCT)检查、宫颈分泌物培养结果、术后病理等临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有病例行病理检查以明确诊断。结果 妊娠合并宫颈息肉最常见症状为阴道出血,约占82.6%,多因考虑先兆流产行妇科检查时发现。孕期无症状者而分娩时发现者约占15.2%。部分患者可表现为白带异常和阴道肿物脱出,两者各占1.1%。孕期行宫颈息肉摘除术者共85例,其中8例发生流产,占9.4%。77例均至孕足月分娩,约占90.6%。对足月分娩患者术后病理分析,宫颈息肉占88.3%。而发生流产的8例患者,5例为体外受精-胚胎移植,术后病理多提示与感染有关。未行宫颈息肉摘除术者共7例,其中6例均足月分娩,1例孕23周发生难免流产,病理提示重度绒毛膜炎。结论 妊娠合并宫颈息肉患者可根据自身条件综合评估,无合并症者行息肉摘除,妊娠结局与受孕方式及病理类型、是否合并感染有关。

It currently remains unknown whether the resection of cervical polyps during pregnancy leads to miscarriage and/or preterm birth. This study evaluated the risk of spontaneous PTB below 34 or 37 weeks and miscarriage above 12 weeks in patients undergoing cervical polypectomy during pregnancy.

To evaluate the risk factors of miscarriage in patients attempted cervical polypectomy during the first and second trimester pregnancy.

To evaluate the impact of endocervical and decidual polypectomy on obstetrical outcomes of pregnant women.

Polypectomy using an Endoloop PDS II™ during pregnancy can be responsible for miscarriage and preterm delivery. Cervical polyps should not be removed in pregnant women except in cases where a malignancy is suspected.

No definitive management guidelines exist for cervical polyps during pregnancy. Ultrasound can aid in creating a treatment plan by assessing the type of polyp and source of symptomatology. Three pregnant patients in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy presented with polyps. On examination, the polyps ranged from 2 to 6 cm in size. In all cases, the origin of the cervical polyps was first identified on ultrasound. Polypectomies were performed with no complications. All patients subsequently had uncomplicated normal spontaneous vaginal deliveries at term. Ultrasounds can help localize the source of symptomatology to polyps versus placental pathology. Additionally, ultrasound can determine the origin and type of polyp for creating an individualized, safe treatment plan during pregnancy.Copyright © 2021, Kondagari et al.

Polyps of the lower reproductive tract are found in 7.8-50% of women. It has been hypothesized that cytogenetic modifications on chromosomes 6, 7 and 12 as well as epigenetic factors involving enzyme and metabolic activities may cause polyps to develop. Cervical polyps found in 2-5% of cases are of low clinical significance and can cause, although rarely, post coital bleedings. Cervical polyps grow during pregnancy and mucorrhoea. Trans vaginal ultrasound (TVU) provides an excellent diagnostic technique to diagnose the size and the anatomic location of endometrial polyps (EPs). In asymptomatic young woman with small EPs <10 mm in size, conservative management can be safely followed by monitoring the polyp growth. EPs located at the fundal and tubocornual regions mechanically affect fertility and disturb normal cellular function due to chronic inflammation. In cases where Eps are a cause of subfertility mechanical hysteroscopic resection is advisable. When the sole reason for infertility is an EP, the patient often becomes spontaneously pregnant shortly after removal. EP Detection in either peri- or post-menopausal age, in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients calls for meticulous hysteroscopic examination and polypectomy is mandatory. Endometrial curettage is also recommended to rule out sub clinical endometrial hyperplasia or cancer. Hysteroscopic surgery for large EPs using bipolar resectoscopes, hysteroscopic morcellators or shavers are considered equally efficient and safe under general anaesthesia. Recurrence rate of EPs after resection is unknown. The recent advances in TVU and hysteroscopy, however, should provide an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of polyp in the female reproductive tract with minimal recurrence or surgery complications. The significantly increased incidence of colorectal polyps in cohorts that also had EPs might indicate that patients with EPs should be also referred for colonoscopy. EPs have the lowest incidence of malignant transformation as compared to colon, urinary bladder, oropharyngeal, nasal and laryngeal carcinomas.Copyright © 2017 IJS Publishing Group Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.