产前超声检查是胎儿结构筛查与评估的重要手段。随着分辨率的提升与循证医学的积累，超声指标已从经验性识别演变为基于风险分层的精细化管理工具。“硬指标”作为结构性畸形的直接证据，是启动侵入性产前诊断与多学科诊疗的明确指征；而“软指标”属于轻微的超声表现，其临床意义的解读高度依赖于是否孤立存在、母体背景风险及相关的分子遗传学检测结果等。进入分子医学时代后，随着无创产前筛查、染色体微阵列技术以及高通量测序技术等的广泛应用，临床医生应了解和掌握如何构建“影像识别-风险分层-分子诊断-预后评估-个体化咨询”的整合式诊疗范式，学会如何从影像的静态识别走向循证量化、从静态异常记录走向系统性病理推理。

Prenatal ultrasound examination is an important means for screening and evaluating fetal structures. With the improvement in resolution and the accumulation of evidence-based medicine，ultrasound indicators have evolved from empirical identification to refined management tools based on risk stratification. "Hard markers" serve as direct evidence of structural malformations and are clear indications for initiating invasive prenatal diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment. "Soft markers"， on the other hand，represent minor ultrasound manifestations，and the interpretation of their clinical significance is highly dependent on whether they occur in isolation，the background risk of the mother，and the results of related molecular genetic testing.On entering the era of molecular medicine，with the widespread application of non-invasive prenatal screening，chromosomal microarray technology，and high-throughput sequencing technology，clinicians should understand and master how to construct an integrated diagnosis and treatment model of "image recognition-risk stratification-molecular diagnosis-prognosis assessment-individualized counseling"，and learn how to move from static image recognition to evidence-based quantification and from abnormal static records to systematic pathological reasoning.