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06 April 2017, Volume 32 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Experts consensus on anticholinergics inhalation treatment for children wheezing BAO Yi-xiao，CHEN Zhi-min，CHENG Neng-neng，et al 2017, 32(4): 241-244.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040601 Abstract ( )

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Appreciate the clinical application of cognitive function in children YANG Jian*，WANG Yun-xin，ZHU Xiao-han 2017, 32(4): 245-248.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040602 Abstract ( )   Assessments and surveillance of cognitive function could bring great benefits to clinical diagnosis and treatment. By reviewing the latest research progresses on cognitive development in children and the underlying neural and genetic mechanisms，this article aims at spreading to clinical staffs the importance of examining the cognitive development in children patients in order to better improve clinical diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

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Main points of assessment and diagnosis of children and adolescents with mental disorders KE Xiao-yan 2017, 32(4): 249-252.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040603 Abstract ( )   Children and adolescents with mental disorders present impairment on perception， emotion，cognition or behavior.Clinical assessment methods for children and adolescents with mental disorders include interview，mental state examination and psychological assessment.This review introduced the process of assessment and diagnosis of children and adolescents in order to assist the clinician to make accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

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Child epilepsy comorbid with autism LIU Jing，LI Xue 2017, 32(4): 252-256.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040604 Abstract ( )   The comorbidity of epilepsy and autism is a common clinical phenomenon. About 5%～37% of children with epilepsy have autism or have positive screening for autism. About 2%～46% of individuals with autism have epilepsy. The family history of mental disorders，adverse perinatal factors，female，autistic features，intelligence disability，genetic or neurological syndromes and genetic factors increase the risk of comorbidity of the two diseases. In children with the two diseases，epilepsy onsets earlier with two onset peaks before 5 years and during puberty；partial seizure and intractable epilepsy is more common；the symptom of autism is more severe，with more intelligence disability，more motor development and behavior problems and worse adaption behaviors. It is important to recognize， diagnose and treat the two diseases.

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Epilepsy comorbid with migraine in children WANG Hua 2017, 32(4): 256-262.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040605 Abstract ( )   Migraine and epilepsy are both common neurological chronic disorders in childhood,  which are linked with each other in clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and treatments. Sometimes the variants of migraine are most frequently mistaken for epilepsy. It is necessary to have correct differentiation of epilepsy from headache and proper medical management of epilepsy comorbid with headache in children in order to achieve effective treatment，improve the prognosis of epilepsy children and guarantee the medical security.

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Bipolar disorder comorbidity among children with epilepsy CHEN Qian 2017, 32(4): 262-266.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040606 Abstract ( )   Epilepsy and bipolar disorder are common and chronic episodic disorders of brain function. Both conditions share clinical features and possible underlying pathophysiology，such as their episodic nature and potential to run a chronic course，which is difficult for clinician to make a differential diagnosis. Both disorders show epidemiological links，share some genetic etiology，and have negative impact on the quality of life and the social prognosis，so the evaluation and management of comorbid bipolar disorders in children with epilepsy should be paid attention to.

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Depression and anxiety disorder in children with epilepsy LU Jian-ping，CAO Xiao-lan 2017, 32(4): 266-269.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040607 Abstract ( )   The prevalence of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents with epilepsy was 12%～36%，but the symptoms of depression and anxiety were rarely recognized and treated. Seizure variables，use of polytherapy，demographic characteristics and child and family adaptation are associated with increases in the symptoms. The use of screening measures increases the recognition of symptoms of depression and anxiety. Treatment of epilepsy-specific symptoms of depression and anxiety involves multidisciplinary collaboration. Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions are recommended，with SSRIs as the first-line medications.

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Research advances of psychiatric comorbidity in pediatric epilepsy LIU Lu，YUAN Zhen，ZHU Gang 2017, 32(4): 269-274.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040608 Abstract ( )   For pediatric epilepsy，there is a high comorbidity rate of psychiatric disorder which will affect the patient’s studies and life. Moreover， this kind of comorbidity will not only decrease the quality of life，but also put more burden on family. Although with such a high rate of comorbidity，there is a low diagnostic rate and few can achieve successful treatment on time. The unclear classification of the symptoms of epilepsy and psychiatric disorder and the lack of accurate measurements should account for this phenomenon. However，the related researches are still insufficient. This article focuses on the advance of comorbidity rate，symptoms，diagnosis and treatment of pediatric epilepsy with psychiatric disorder.

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Assessment and intervention of neurocognitive developmental disorders in children based on brain science CHENG Da-zhi,CHEN Qian 2017, 32(4): 275-279.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040609 Abstract ( )   Neurocognitive developmental disorders in children include developmental dyslexia，developmental dyscalculia，attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders，which have high incidence in children’s nervous system diseases. Neurocognitive developmental disorders affect the children’s academic performance and social skills，and are the challenge in the long-term social prognosis. At present，we are in lack of objective and effective tool for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of neurocognitive development disorders in children. In recent years，the development of brain science provides a new way to explore the mechanism and intervention of the neurocognitive developmental disorders. From the perspective of cognitive behavioral，neural mechanisms and intervention，this paper elaborates the research findings of brain science in neurocognitive developmental disorders. The evidence of brain science demonstrateds that neurocognitive developmental disorders present core cognitive impairment and abnormal brain structure or function. The intervention mainly involves cognitive behavior training，and the brain stimulation effect needs to be confirmed.

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Neuropsychological mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders JING Jin 2017, 32(4): 279-282.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040610 Abstract ( )   Autism spectrum disorder（ASD） is an innate neurobehavioral development disorder，which leads to the occurrence of major symptoms. Neuropsychological study of nearly half a century is part of the basis of abnormal development of ASD brain，which constructs some influencing theories，and also becomes a part of the basis of defining ASD and cognitive rehabilitation treatment at present. The research results are represented by abnormal the expression and emotion recognition，psychological theory defect，common attention or gaze abnormalities，inhibitory control defect，the social motivation defect，imaging findings，and mirror neuron abnormalities. The related research is still fragmented with some limitations，even contradictory，so it still needs time to reveal the cause of ASD.

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Evaluation of cognitive function in children by event-related potentials WU Hai-yan，LIU Xun 2017, 32(4): 282-285.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040611 Abstract ( )   In recent years，the EEG examination has gradually become an important means of children’s cognitive function assessment. This study attempts to outline some of the common childhood cognitive impairment and related event related potential（ERP） component abnormalities in order to better apply in clinical EEG diagnosis and intervention. Specifically，it includes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） related abnormality in ERP，dyslexia and abnormality in ERP，as well as ERP abnormality in mathematical disability etc.

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Clinical application of cognitive developmental assessment scale for children under 6 BIAN Xiao-yan 2017, 32(4): 285-289.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040612 Abstract ( )   Using developmental assessment scales is one of the essential ways for assessing children’s development in cognition. In this paper， we examined the key features and the clinical use of the commonly used developmental screening and diagnostic scales for children under 6 years old in China. Currently，there are not many developmental assessment scales in cognition that are available for clinical use in China. Most of the developmental assessment scales are used in the area of child health，and mainly for research or at small-scale use stage. Developmental assessment for young children under-6 years old is a critical and promising area in child health and disease surveillance. It is urgent to promote the awareness of the importance of early detection and early intervention of cognitive developmental disability.

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Application of neuroimaging in pediatric brain cognitive function：Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the cognitive neural mechanism of children with depression CHEN Tao-lin*，WANG Xiao-gang，YANG Xun， et al 2017, 32(4): 289-293.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040613 Abstract ( )   Functional magnetic resonance imaging（fMRI） is one of the most important technologies in pediatric brain cognitive function research；it is also an important method in the field of psycho-radiology which aims to study the abnormalities of neural basis in the patients with mental disorders. Pediatric depression is one of the most common mental disorders in children. It is thought frequently that the children with major depressive disorder（MDD） have their specific neural and physiological basis. Based on the findings from the task state fMRI studies，children with MDD demonstrated impairment in the cognitive，emotional and social cognitive functions. And the pediatric MDD shows alteration in the key brain areas involved in the cognitive，affective and rewared processing，including the amygdala，anterior cingulate，prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex. The future research should consider the psychological development of children in the selection of the appropriate cognitive and affective task or paradigm to explore the brain function of the pediatric MDD. For children at high risk of depression，we should carry out systematic preventive research to provide experimental evidence for neuroimaging and psychological markers of early warning and for the development of early intervention methods.

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Neuromodulation therapy for children with cognitive dysfunction SONG Wei-qun，HU Jie 2017, 32(4): 294-296.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040614 Abstract ( )   Many types of diseases，such as like ADHD，ASD and cerebral palsy，can lead to cognitive dysfunction. Many researchers are trying to find some neuromodulation techniques to improve children’s brain function. These techniques include neurofeedback，TMS，tDCS，etc.

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A study on the relationship among emotion, quality of life and cognitive function in school age children with epilepsy CHENG Da-zhi，YAN Xiu-xian，GAO Zhi-jie，et al 2017, 32(4): 297-299.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040615 Abstract ( )   Objective    The emotion， quality of life and cognitive function of children with epilepsy were observed by cognitive neuropsychological test，and their relationship was analyzed. Methods    Totally 287 children with epilepsy were investigated by using the computerized cognitive task test （CCTE）. There were 152 male and 135 female，with a mean age between 6 and 18 years old，with a mean of （10.9±2.4） years. To analyze the relationship between emotion，quality of life and cognitive function in children with epilepsy，SPSS21.0 statistical software was used to deal with the scores of emotion，quality of life，and the number of correct answers in cognitive task test. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship among emotion，quality of life and cognitive function. The P value less than 0.05 means there was statistical significance. Results    There was a significantly negative correlation between the scores of overall QOL and computing ability，language comprehension ability and general intelligence. There was a significant negative correlation between quality of life and cognitive function in children with epilepsy. There was no significant correlation between anxiety，depression and cognitive function. Anxiety，depression and quality of life scale showed significant negative correlation. Conclusion　This study confirms the relationship between quality of life and cognitive function of children with epilepsy，and provids the basis for further clinical intervention.

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Utility of the electrocardiogram in localizing the orgin of outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias in children JIANG He，LI Xiao-mei，LI Yan-hui，et al 2017, 32(4): 300-303.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040616 Abstract ( )   Objective　To investigate the utility of the electrocardiogram（ECG） for differentiating origins of outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias（OTVAs） in children. Methods　From January 2009 to July 2015，94 children with OTVAs were involved in this study，who were managed by radiofrequency catheter ablation（RFCA）. The 4 types of ECG algorithm［（1）V1/V2 R wave duration index and amplitude index；（2）V2 transition ratio；（3）Transition zone index；（4）V2S/V3R index］were used to predicting the origins of OTVAs and the accuracy of prediction was compared with the results of RFCA. Results　The positive predictive rate of 4 kinds of ECG algorithm localizing the right ventricular outflow tract（RVOT） ventricular arrhythmia in children was 78.6%～88.2%，the sensitivity was 85.5%～91.3%，and the specificity was 36.0%～68.0%. The positive predictive rate of 4 kinds of ECG algorithm localizing the left ventricular outflow tract（LVOT） ventricular arrhythmia was 47.4%～71.4%，the sensitivity was 36.0%～68.0%，and the specificity was 85.5%～91.3%. The positive predictive rate of 4 kinds of ECG algorithm localizing the LVOT ventricular arrhythmia in children was 47.4%～71.4%，the sensitivity was 36.0%～68.0%，and the specificity was 85.5%～91.3%. However，the subgroup analysis showed that for OTVAs originating from LCC，the positive predictive value，sensitivity and specificity were much higher than RCC origin of ventricular arrhythmia（predictive value：66.67%～90.90% vs. 10.00%～15.38%；sensitivity：83.33%～100.00% vs. 20.00%～60.00%；specificity：57.58%～90.91% vs. 50%～76.47%）. Conclusion　However，the 4 kinds of ECG algorithm used in adults are limited to predict the LVOT ventricular arrhythmias in children. If LVOT origin group is divided into the LCC and RCC origin groups，the results show that in LCC group the prediction level increases significantly.

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Study on the practicability of ASQ（Chinese edition） YU Qian，MIAO Qiong，BIAN Xiao-yan 2017, 32(4): 304-305.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040617 Abstract ( )

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The relationship between the infection of Helicobacter pylori and its classification and Henoch-Schonlein purpura in children LIU Xiu-qin，YU Shu-hong，CAO Hong-mei，et al 2017, 32(4): 306-307.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040618 Abstract ( )

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Application of biological agents in the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis LI Yong-bai，LIU Jing，HU Jian，et al 2017, 32(4): 308-313.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040619 Abstract ( )

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Research progress of relation between microRNA and epilepsy YANG Feng-hua，WANG Hua 2017, 32(4): 314-318.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040620 Abstract ( )

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One case of creatine deficiency syndrome and the literature review SONG Dong-mei, LI Xiao-hua, ZHUANG Meng-li, et al 2017, 32(4): 319-320.  DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2017040621 Abstract ( )