Abstract: Arthralgia is one of the common chief complaints in pediatric department. Due to its complex etiology and non-specific clinical manifestations，it is challenging to identify severe diseases at an early stage. Centered on the concept of risk priority，this paper emphasizes the importance of structured clinical thinking. A preliminary judgment pathway is established through detailed history-taking and physical examination，and a goal-oriented auxiliary examination strategy is implemented on the basis of risk stratification，so as to increase the early recognition rate of severe diseases and reduce excessive medical treatment. This paper analyzes the common cognitive biases and misunderstandings of young physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric arthralgia，and proposes the application value of the structured clinical thinking model in clinical practice.

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摘要： 关节痛是儿科常见主诉之一，由于病因复杂且临床表现缺乏特异性，早期识别严重疾病存在一定挑战。文章以风险优先理念为核心，强调结构化临床思维的重要性，通过详尽的病史采集与体格检查建立初步判断路径，并在风险分层基础上实施目标导向的辅助检查策略，从而提高严重疾病的早期识别率并减少过度医疗。文章分析了青年医师在儿童关节痛诊疗中常见的认知偏差与误区，提出结构化临床思维模式在临床实践中的应用价值。

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