Abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. Although there are many causes of ADHD，much attention should be paid to ADHD secondary to neurological diseases in children，especially for the treatments. From the perspective of abnormal brain structure pediatric neurological diseases and ADHD，the relationship between epilepsy，headache，sleep disorder，encephalitis and ADHD have been discussed in this paper. Although early diagnosis，treatment and intervention are important，etiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis cannot be ignored，and it is very important o treat the synupt-oms and causes at the same time.

Key words: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, patho-gen, epilepsy, sleeping disorder, encephalitis

摘要： 儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种儿童时期常见的神经发育障碍性疾病，虽然ADHD的病因很多，但继发于小儿神经系统疾病后ADHD其实并不少见，其正规诊断与治疗尤为重要。该文从脑结构异常、小儿神经科疾病与ADHD入手，对癫痫、头痛、睡眠障碍及脑炎与ADHD之间相互关系进行讨论。旨在强调ADHD的早期诊治和干预固然重要，其病因诊断与鉴别诊断不能忽略，标本兼治十分重要。

关键词: 多动注意缺陷障碍, 病因, 癫痫, 睡眠障碍, 脑炎