Abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. In recent years，the advancement of magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） technology has provided a non-invasive means to investigate the structural and functional abnormalities of brain in ADHD. This article reviewed the research conducted in recent years on ADHD using various MRI techniques，including structural MRI （sMRI），diffusion tensor imaging （DTI），functional MRI （fMRI），and arterial spin labeling（ASL）. These studies have revealed abnormalities in brain structure，white matter microstructure，resting-state brain function，task-related brain function （such as attention，impulse control，and inhibition），as well as cerebral blood flow in ADHD children. Considering the gender differences in ADHD prevalence，it is speculated that there are differences in brain structure and function between males and females. This review specifically focuses on the gender differences observed in brain MRI findings. The findings from MRI studies on ADHD have significant implications for a better understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms of ADHD.

Key words: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, structural magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, arterial spin labeling

摘要： 注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是最常见的神经发育障碍之一。近年来，磁共振成像（MRI）技术的发展提供了一种非侵入性的方式来探讨ADHD的大脑结构及功能的异常。该文综述了近年来对ADHD进行的结构磁共振成像（sMRI）、弥散张量成像（DTI）、功能磁共振成像（fMRI）和动脉自旋标记成像（ASL）等方面的研究，发现ADHD在大脑结构、脑白质微结构、静息态脑功能、任务态（如注意力、冲动控制和抑制功能等任务）脑功能以及脑血流灌注等方面存在异常。考虑到ADHD患病性别的差异，推测男性患儿与女性患儿在脑结构及功能存在差异，该文特别报道了脑磁共振结果在性别上的差异对于深入理解ADHD的病理机制具有重要意义。

关键词: 注意缺陷多动障碍, 结构磁共振成像, 弥散张量成像, 功能磁共振成像, 动脉自选标记成像