Abstract:

The human microbiota and microbiome have been focus in medicine. It has been recognized that the microbiota has an important effects on human growth and development，immune function，nutrition and metabolism，and the microbiota has  close association with infectious disease，chronic inflammatory bowel diseases，allergic diseases，autoimmune diseases，and metabolic disease such as obesity and diabetes. The knowledge of microbiota and probiotics have been changing. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host，and it has been widely used for preventing and treating medical conditions. The concept，mechanisms，pharmacological properties and the safety of probiotics are being updated.

Key words: microbiota, microbiome, probiotics

摘要：

菌群和微生物组可作用于个体生长发育、免疫、营养、代谢等方面，其与感染性疾病、肠道慢性炎症性疾病、过敏性疾病、自身免疫疾病以及肥胖和糖尿病等代谢性疾病有密切关系。菌群和微生物组已经成为全世界的热点，正在改变和更新人们对人体菌群的认识。益生菌是指一定数量的能够对宿主健康产生有益作用的活的微生物，其在临床上的应用也越来越广泛。关于益生菌的概念、作用机制、药理学及药物动力学特点及安全性等也在不断地更新。

关键词: 菌群, 微生物组, 益生菌