先天性心脏病, 神经发育结局, 流行病学, 患病率, 体外膜氧合, 围术期管理, 风险因素, 神经保护, 心理健康, 早期干预, 指南与专家共识

Neurodevelopmental delays or disorders associated with congenital heart disease （CHD） have become a global challenge；however， the concerns about them remain limited in China. The current healthcare system primarily focuses on surgical treatment for CHD， often overlooking the importance of long-term postoperative follow-up and neurodevelopmental management. This interpretation summarizes the latest advancements in the field of CHD，systematically elaborating on neuroprotection strategies and risk stratification methods， and aiming to optimize clinical management and improve neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with CHD in China.

congenital heart disease, neurodevelopmental outcomes, epidemiology, prevalence, ECMO, perioperative management, risk factors, neuroprotection, mental health, early intervention, guidelines and expert consensus