关键词: 过敏原检测, 皮肤点刺试验, 特异性 IgE, 组分解析诊断

Abstract: Allergic diseases are among the most common chronic disorders in children，and their global prevalence has been rising markedly.Allergen testing is central to confirming the diagnosis，identifying the pathogenic causes，and formulating the core of precision prevention and control as well as specific immunotherapy plans.Children，however，are not“small adults”；their immune system is undergoing dynamic maturation，their clinical symptoms are often atypical，and the interpretation of test results is therefore intrinsically more complex.This article systematically introduces the common ways of allergen testing in children，including the principles and characteristics of both in-vivo and in-vitro assays.It focuses on how to rationally select an optimal testing strategy in specific clinical scenarios such as atopic dermatitis，food allergy，allergic rhinitis and asthma， and severe anaphylaxis.Further discussion is focused on how to interpret the test results based on patient age，clinical presentation，exposure history，regional features and other confounders to avoid misdiagnosis and over-diagnosis. Finally，the application prospect of emerging technologies is looked forward to， including molecular allergen diagnosis and novel biomarkers，with the aim of providing clinicians with an up-to-date evidence-based reference.

Key words: allergen testing, skin prick test, specific IgE, componentresolved diagnosis