［1］Miller PR，Johnson JC III，Karchmer T，et al.National nosocomial infection surveillance system：from benchmark to bedside in trauma patients［J］.J Trauma，2006，60：98-103. 

［2］Kottmann RM，Kelly J，Lyda E，et al.Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage：determinants of yield and impact on management in immunosuppressed patients［J］.Thorax，2011，66：823. 

［3］Kim ES，Kim EC，Lee SM，et al.Bacterial yield from quantitative cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with pneumonia on antimicrobial therapy［J］.Korean J Intern Med，2012，27：156-162. 

［4］Abdeldaim GM，Stralin K，Korsgaard J，et al.Multiplex quantitative PCR for detection of lower respiratory tract infection and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae，Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitides［J］.BMC Microbiol，2010，10：310. 

［5］Cabrera-Rubio R，Garcia-Núnez M，Setó L，et al.Microbiome diversity in the bronchial tract of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease［J］.J Clin Microbiol，2012，50(11)：3562-3568. 

［6］Craven DE，Hjalmarson KI.Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis and pneumonia：thinking outside the box［J］.Clin Infect Dis，2010，51(Suppl 1)：S59-66. 

［7］Balthazar AB，Von Nowakonski A，De Capitani EM，et al.Diagnostic investigation of ventilator-associated pneumonia using bronchoalveolar lavage：comparative study with a postmortem lung biopsy［J］.Braz J Med Biol Res，2001，34(8)：993-1001. 

［8］Mueller EW，Croce MA，Boucher BA，et al.Repeat bronchoalveolar lavage to guide antibiotic duration for ventilator-associated pneumonia［J］.J Trauma，2007，63(6)：1329-1337. 

［9］American Thoracic Society.Infectious Diseases Society of America.Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired，ventilator-associated，and healthcare-associated pneumonia［J］.Am J Respir Crit Care Med，2005，171(4)：388-416. 

［10］Chastre J，Trouillet JL，Combes A，et al.Diagnostic techniques and procedures for establishing the microbial etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia for clinical trials：the pros for quantitative cultures［J］.Clin Infect Dis，2010，51(Suppl 1)：S88-S92. 

［11］Parisa B，Abdolvahab A.Invasive Fungal Infections in Renal Transplant Recipients［J］.Exp Clin Transplant，2011，6(9)：355-362. 

［12］De Pauw B，Walsh TJ，Donnelly JP，et al.Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group(EORTC/MSG)Consensus Group［J］.Clin Infect Dis，2008，46(12)：1813-1821. 

［13］Tabarsi P，Soraghi A，Marjani M，et al.Comparison of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in solid-organ transplant recipients［J］.Exp Clin Transplant，2012，10(3)：278-281. 

［14］Clancy CJ，Jaber RA，Leather HL，et al.Bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan in diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among solid-organ transplant recipients［J］.J Clin Microbiol，2007，45：1759-1765. 

［15］Izumikawa K，Yamamoto Y，Mihara T，et al.Bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis［J］.Med Mycol，2012，50(8)：811-817. 

［16］Reinwald M，Hummel M，Kovalevskaya E，et al.Therapy with antifungals decreases the diagnostic performance of PCR for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of patients with haematological malignancies［J］.J Antimicrob Chemother，2012，67(9)：2260-2267. 

［17］Hauser PM，Bille J，Lass-Flrl C，et al.Multicenter，prospective clinical evaluation of respiratory samples from subjects at risk for Pneumocystis jirovecii infection by use of a commercial real-time PCR assay［J］.J Clin Microbiol，2011，49(5)：1872-1878. 

［18］Botterel F，Cabaret O，Foulet F，et al.Clinical significance of quantifying Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA by using real-time PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from immunocompromised patients［J］.J Clin Microbiol，2012，50(2)：227-231. 

［19］McTaggart LR，Wengenack NL，Richardson SE.Validation of the MycAssay Pneumocystis kit for detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens by comparison to a laboratory standard of direct immunofluorescence microscopy，real-time PCR，or conventional PCR［J］.J Clin Microbiol，2012，50：1856-1859. 

［20］Nagoda M，Uloko AE，Babashani M，et al.Histoplasmosis：an elusive re-emerging chest infection［J］.Niger J Clin Pract，2012，15：235-237 

［21］Jacomelli M，Silva PR，Rodrigues AJ，et al.Bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with negative sputum smear microscopy results［J］.J Bras Pneumol，2012，38：167-173. 

［22］Kalsdorf B，Scriba TJ，Wood K，et al.HIV-1 infection impairs the bronchoalveolar T-cell response to mycobacteria［J］.Am J Respir Crit Care Med，2009，180(12)：1262-1270. 

［23］Segal LN，Methé BA，Nolan A，et al.HIV-1 and bacterial pneumonia in the era of antiretroviral therapy［J］.Proc Am Thorac Soc，2011，8(3)：282-287. 

［24］Wootton SC，Kim DS，Kondoh Y，et al.Viral infection in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis［J］.Am J Respir Crit Care Med，2011，183(12)：1698-1702. 

［25］Wiita AP，Roubinian N，Khan Y，et al.Cytomegalovirus disease and infection in lung transplant recipients in the setting of planned indefinite valganciclovir prophylaxis［J］.Transpl Infect Dis，2012，14(3)：248-258. 

［26］Kim T，Moon SM，Sung H，et al.Outcomes of non-HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia and concomitant pulmonary cytomegalovirus infection［J］.Scand J Infect Dis，2012，44：670-677. 

［27］Zhang X，Xu L，Wang LL，et al.Bronchopulmonary infection with Lophomonas blattarum：a case report and literature review［J］.J Int Med Res，2011，39(3)：944-949. 

［28］Richter AG，Stockley RA，Harper L，et al.Pulmonary infection in Wegener granulomatosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis［J］.Thorax，2009，64(8)：692-697. 

［29］王茂娟，杨小琼，邓述恺，等.社区获得性肺炎患者血清和肺泡灌洗液基质金属蛋白酶-2、-29和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1检测［J］.郑州大学学报(医学版)，2010，45(6):956-959. 

［30］Anand N，Zuick S，Klesney-Tait J，et al.Diagnostic implications of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in BAL fluid of patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the ICU［J］.Chest，2009，135(3)：641-647. 

［31］Palazzo SJ，Simpson T，Schnapp L，et al.Biomarkers for ventilator-associated pneumonia：review of the literature［J］.Heart Lung，2011，40(4)：293-298. 

［32］Jung B，Embriaco N，Roux F，et al.Microbiological data，but not procalcitonin improve the accuracy of the clinical pulmonary infection score［J］.Intensive Care Med，2010，36(5)：790-798. 

［33］Lin WC，Lin CF，Chen CL，et al.Prediction of outcome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome by bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory mediators［J］.Exp Biol Med，2010，235：57-65. 

［34］Griffin PE，Roddam LF，Belessis YC，et al.Expression of PPARγ and Paraoxonase 2 correlated with pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis［J］.PLoS One，2012，7(7)：e42241. 

［35］Coughlan CA，Chotirmall SH，Renwick J，et al.The Effect of aspergillus fumigatus Infection on Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Cystic Fibrosis［J］.Am J Respir Crit Care Med，2012，186(10)：999-1007. 

［36］Boyer A，Medrano J，Mzali F，et al.Direct testing of bronchoalveolar lavages from ventilator-associated pneumonia patients［J］.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis，2012，73(2)：107-110. 