| [1]Torbicki A,Perrler A,Konstantinide S,et al.Guideline on the diagnosis and rnanagement of acute pulmonary embolism:the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Managernent of Acute Pulmonary Embolisrn of the European Soclety of Cardiology(ESC)[J].Eur Heart J,2008,29:2276-2315.
[2]Sam A,Sánchez D,Gómez V,et al.The shock index and the simplified PESI for identificatlon of low-risk patients with acute pulrnonary embolism[J].Eur Resplr J,2011,37(4):762-766.
[3]Wolde M,Sohne M,Quak E,et al.Prognostic value of echocardiographically assessed right ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary ernbolism[J].Arch Intern Med,2004,164:1685-1689.
[4]Jirnenez D,Uresandi F,Otero R,et al.Troponin-based risk stratification of patients with acute nonmassive puirnonary embolisrn:systematlc review and metaanalysis[J].Chest,2009,136:974-982.
[5]Lankeit M,Friesen D,Aschoff J,et al.Highly sensitive troponin T assay in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary ernbolism[J].Eur Heart J,2010,31:1836-1844.
[6]Klok FA,MoS IC,Huisrnan MV.Brain-type natriuretic peptide levels in the prediction of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolisrn:a systernatic review and meta-analysls[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2008,178:425-430.
[7]Dellas C,Puls M,Lankeit M,et al.Elevated heart-type fatty acid-binding protein levels on admission predict an adverse outcorne in norrnotensive patients with acutepulmonary ernbolism[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,55(19):2150-2157.
[8]Lankeit M,Kopf T,Della SC,et al.Growth differentiation factor-15 for prognostic assessrnent of patients with acute pulmonary embolism[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2008,177(9):1018-1025.
[9]Mastora I,Remy-Jardin M,Masson P,et al.Severity of acute pulmonary embolism:evaluation of a new spiral CT angiographic score in correlation with echocardiographic data[J].Eur Radiol,2003,13(l):29-35.
[10]Donze J,Le Gal G,Fine MJ,et al.Prospective validation of the Pulmonary Ernbolism Severity Index.A clinical prognostic model for pulmonary ernbolisrn[J].Thrornb Haemost,2008,100:943-948.
[11]Jiménez D,Aujesky D,Moores L,et al.Simplification of the pulmonary embolism severity index for prognostication in patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism[J].Arch Intern Med,2010,170(15):1383-1389.
[12]Qanadli SD,EI Hajiam M,Vieillard-Baron A,et al.New CT index to quantify arterial obstruction in pulmonary embolism:comparison with angiographic index and echocardiography[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2001,176(6):1415-1420.
[13]Jaff MR,McMurtry MS,Archer SL,et al.Management of massive and submassive pulmonary ernbolisrn,lliofemoral deep vein thrornbosls,and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension:a scientific staternent from the Alllerican Heart Association[J].Circulation,2011,123(16):1788-1830.
[14]Goldhaber SZ,Haire WD,Feldstein ML,et al.Alteplase versus heparin in acute pulmonary embolism:randomised trial assessing right-ventricular function and pulmonary perfusion[J].Lancet,1993,341:507-511.
[15]Konstantinides S,Geibel A,Heusel G,et al.Heparin plus alteplase compared with heparin alone in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism[J].N Engl J Med,2002,347:1143-1150.
[16]Konstantinides S,Geibel A,Olschewski M,et al.Association between thrombolytic treatment and the prognosis of hemodynamically stable patients with major pulmonary embolism:results of a multicenter registry[J].Circulation,1997,96(3):882-888.
[17]Wan S,Quinlan DJ,Agnelli G,et al.Thrombolysis compared with heparin for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism:a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials[J].Circulation,2004,110(6):744-749.
[18]Wang C,Zhai ZG,Yang Y,et al.Efficacy and safety of low dose recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for the treatment of acute pulmonary thromboembolism:a randomized,multicenter,controlled trial[J].Chest,2010,137(2):254-262.
[19]Steering Committee.Single-bolus tenecteplase plus heparin compared with heparin alone for normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism who have evidence of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury:rationale and design of the Pulmonary Embolism Thrombolysis (PEITHO) trial[J].Am Heart J,2012,163(1):33-38.
[20]Guyatt GH,Akl EA,Crowther M,et al.Executive summary:Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis,9th ed:American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines[J].Chest,2012,141(2 suppl):7S-47S.
[21]Perlroth DJ,Sanders GD,Gould MK.Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of thrornbolysis in submassive pulmonary embolism[J].Arch Intern Med,2007,167(1):74-80. |