关键词: 牙种植, 骨增量, 外科术式

Abstract: Summary：The placement of implants in the vertically and（or）horizontally absorbed maxillary and mandibular for a prosthodontic reconstruction still presents a challenge to the doctors. To enable acceptable implant placement and positioning，optimizing the residual bone is necessary. The aim of this review is to summarize the variety of techniques which have been used to establish the structural base of osseous tissue for supporting dental implants，and to provide assistance for clinical operation.

Key words: dental implant, bone augmentation, surgical techniques