Precancerous lesions of the female lower genital tract are predominantly high-grade intraepithelial lesions of the cervix，vagina and vulva，whose progression is closely linked to the development of cervical，vaginal and vulvar cancers. As an endoscopic examination technique，colposcopy adopts optical magnification and special staining to clearly identify subtle morphological changes in the epithelium and blood vessels of the lower genital tract，guiding clinicians to perform targeted biopsy of suspicious lesions and make pathological diagnosis. It plays an irreplaceable core role in screening triage，precise diagnosis，therapeutic guidance and postoperative follow-up of such precancerous lesions. This article systematically illustrates the role of colposcopy in the whole-process management of precancerous lesions of female lower genital tract， and considering its core role in cervical disease management，the article summarizes the key application specifications for precancerous lesions at different anatomical sites and in special populations. This study aims to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment，so as to reduce the incidence and mortality of malignant tumors of the lower genital tract.