[1］ Goldenberg RL，Culhane JF，Lams JD，et al.Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth[J].Lancet，2008，371(9606)：75-84.

[2］ Kobayashi H.The entry of fetal and amniotic fluid components into the uterine vessel circulation leads to sterile inflammatory processes during parturition[J]. Front in Immunol，2012，321(3):1-6.

[3］ Puchner K，Iavazzo C，Gourgiotis D，et al.Mid-trimester amniotic fluid interleukins(IL-1狻L-10 and IL-18)as possible predictors of preterm delivery[J].In Vivo，2011，25:141-148.

[4］ Sadowsky DW，Adams KM，Gravett MG，et al.Preterm labor is induced by intraamniotic infusions of interleukin-1鈇nd tumor necrosis factor-醔ut not by interleukin-6 or interleukin-8 in a nonhuman primate model[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol，2006，195(6):1578-1589.

[5］ Hirsch E，Filipovich Y，Mahendroo M.Signaling via the type ⅠIL-1 and TNF receptors is necessary for bacterially induced preterm labor in a murine model[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol，2006，194:1334-1340.

[6］ Harper M，Zheng SL，Thom E，et al.Cytokine gene polymorphisms and length of geststion[J].Obstet Gynecol，2011，117(1):125-130.

[7］ Taylor BD，Holzman CB，Fichorova RN，et al.Inflammation biomarkers in vaginal fluid and preterm delivery[J].Hum Reprod，2013，28(4): 942-952.

[8］ Rauk PN，Friebe-Hoffmann U，Winebrenner LD，et al.Interleukin-6 up-regulates the oxytocin receptor in cultured uterine smooth muscle cells[J].Am J Repord Immunol，2001，45(3):148-153.

[9］ Yoon BH，Romero R，Moon JB，et al.Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol，2001，185(5): 1130-1136.

[10］ Sadowsky DW，Novy MJ，Witkin SS，et al. Dexamethasone or interleukin-10 blocks interleukin-1-鈏nduced uterine contractions in pregnant rhesus monkeys[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2003，188(1): 252-263.

[11］ Robertson SA，Skinner RJ，Care AS.Essential role for IL-10 in resistance to lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm labor in mice[J].J Immunol，2006，177(7):4888-4896.

[12］ Gotsch F，Romero R，Kusanovic JP，et al.The anti- inflammatory limb of the immune response in preterm labor，intra-amniotic infection∕inflammation，and spontaneous parturition at term:a role for interleukin-10[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med，2008，21(8):529-547.

[13］ Gomez-Lopez N，Vadillo-Perez L，Hemandez-Carbajal A，et al.Specific inflammatory microenvironments in the zones of the fetal membranes at term delivery[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,2011，205(3): 235.e15-24.

[14］ Zhao Y，Koga K，Osuga Y，et al.Cyclic stretch augments production of neutrophil chemokines and matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human uterine smooth muscle cells[J].Am J Reprod Immunol,2013，69:240-247.

[15］ Castro-Leyva V，Espejel-Nuez A，Barroso G，et al.Preserved ex vivo inflammatory status in decidual cells from women with preterm labor and subclinical intrauterine infection[J].PLoS One，2012，7(8):e43605.

[16］ Hua R，Pease JE，Sooranna SR，et al.Stretch and inflammatory cytokines drive myometrial chemokine expression via NF-闎 activation[J]. Endocrinol，2012，153(1):481-491.

[17］ Esplin MS，Romero R，Chaiworapongsa T，et al.Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 is increased in the amniotic fluid of women who deliver preterm in the presence or absence of intraamniotic infection[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med,2005，17(6):365-373.

[18］ Ledingham MA，Thomson AJ，Jordan F，et al.Cell adhesion molecule expression in the cervix and myometrium during pregnancy and parturition[J].Obstet Gynecol,2001，97(2):235-242.

[19］ Winkler M，Kemp B，Fischer DC，et al.Expression of adhesion molecules in the lower uterine segment during term and preterm parturition[J]. Microsc Res Tech，60(4):430-444.

[20］ Fischer DC，Winkler M，Ruck P，et al.Localization and quantification of adhesion molecule expression in the lower uterine segment during premature labor[J]. J Perinat Med,2001，29(6):497-505.

[21］ Moghaddam Banaem L, Mohamadi B, Asghari Jaafarabadi M, et al. Maternal serum C-reactive protein in early pregnancy and occurrence of preterm premature rupture of membranes and preterm birth[J].J Obstet Gynecol Res,2012，38(5):780-786.

[22］ Kobayashi M，Ohkuchi A，Matsubara S，et al.C-reactive protein levels at pre-/post-indicated cervical cerclage predict very preterm birth[J].J Perinat Med,2011，39(2):151-155.

[23］ Smith EJ，Muller CL，Sartorius JA，et al.C-reactive protein as a predictor of chorioamnionitis[J]. J Am Osteopath Assoc,2012，112(10):660-664.

[24］ Soto E, Romero R, Richani K, et al.Anaphylatoxins in preterm and term labor[J].J Perinat Med，2005，33(4):306-313.

[25］ Lappas M，Woodruff TM，Taylor SM，et al.Complement C5a regulates prolaobor mediators in human placenta[J].Bio Reprod,2012，86(6):190.

[26］ Romero R，Durum S，Dinarello CA，et al.Interleukin-1 stimulates prostaglandin biosynthesis by human amnion[J].Prostaglandins,1989，37:13-22.

[27］ Rac VE，Scott CA，Small C，et al. Dose-dependent effects of meloxicam administration on cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in intrauterine tissues and fetal tissues of a sheep model of preterm labor[J].Reprod Sci,2007，14(8):750-764.

[28］ Belt AR，Baldassare JJ，Molnar M，et al.The nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB mediates interleukin-1beta-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human myometrial cells[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,1999，181(2):359-366.

[29］ Dowling O，Rochelson B，Way K，et al.Nicotine inhibits cytokine production by placenta cells via NF-闎:potential role in pregnancy-induced hypertension[J].Mol Med，2007，13(11-12):576-583.

[30］ Yang J, Shi SQ, Shi L, et al.Nicotine treatment prolongs gestation and inhibits cervical ripening in pregnant rats[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,2014，210(1):e71-77.

[31］ Yang J，Shi SQ，Shi L，et al. Garfield. Nicotine reduces the Inflammatory responses and rescues fetuses in pregnant rats treated with lipopolysaccharide[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,(accepted)

[32］ Lappas M，Permezel M，Rice GE. Mitogen-activated protein kinase proteins regulate LPS-stimulated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins from human gestational tissues[J].Placenta，2007，28(8-9):936-945.

[33］ Shoji T，Yoshida S，Mitsunari M，et al. Involvement of p38 MAP kinase in lipopolysaccharide-induced production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E(2) in human choriodecidua[J].J Reprod Immunol，2007，75(2): 82-90.

[34］ Lappas M.Nuclaear factor-闎 mediates placental growth factor induced pro-labour mediators in human placenta[J].Mol Hum Reprod，2012，18(7): 354-361.